Suchergebnisse

Abstract Recent empirical work on tax incidence suggests that after‐tax price responses are independent of the tax change direction. This paper investigates asymmetric price responses to ad‐valorem tax changes in the Brazilian food market for 10 goods in 16 states during the period 1994–2008. Our results suggest that when tax rates increase, tax full shifting occurs for 2 of the 10 goods and tax overshifting occurs for one of the 10 goods; the price response to tax cuts is an undershifting for all goods. Moreover, this last result is similar to our estimation of (average) tax incidence (undershifting). We also investigate the short‐term and long‐term relationships between prices and VAT rate parameters and find that prices seem to respond to tax shocks within four months.

This paper documents empirical evidence on price-effect caused by lumpsumgrants for local governments in Brazil between 2006 to 2010. Dahlby(2011) demonstrates theoretically that lump-sum grants can reduce thecost of public goods provision (price-effect), in addition to the traditionalincome effect. Our contributions are threefold. First we estimated semielasticityof the effects of tax rate changes on tax base (−0.016). Second, wecalculate the MCF of the local tax imposed on the supply of services (ISS)for Brazilian municipalities (average of 0.04). Finally, we estimate the priceeffectestimation for ISS tax. Our results suggests that for the entire sample,that an increase in R$ 1.00 in per capita unconditional transfers reducesthe local price effect (MCF) around 0.07%, but this result is not consistentlyestimated across all subsamples. ; This paper documents empirical evidence on price-effect caused by unconditional transfers for local governments in Brazil. Dahlby (2011) demonstrates theoretically that lump-sum transfers can reduce the cost of public goods provision (price-effect), in addition to the traditional income effect. Our contributions are threefold. First, we estimate the effects off tax rate changes on tax base. More important, we calculate the marginal cost of public funding (MCF) regarding the local tax imposed on the supply of services (ISS). Third, we control for potential simultaneity between unconditional transfers and local tax revenue in a two-stage least square approach using instrumental variables. Our price-effect estimation for tertiary sector tax suggests that a 10% increase in the amount of unconditional transfers resources reduces the local price effect (MCF) around 0.01%.

Abstract This paper documents empirical evidence on price-effect caused by lumpsum grants for local governments in Brazil between 2006 to 2010. Dahlby (2011) demonstrates theoretically that lump-sum grants can reduce the cost of public goods provision (price-effect), in addition to the traditional income effect. Our contributions are threefold. First we estimated semielasticity of the effects of tax rate changes on tax base (−0.016). Second, we calculate the MCF of the local tax imposed on the supply of services (ISS) for Brazilian municipalities (average of 0.04). Finally, we estimate the priceeffect estimation for ISS tax. Our results suggests that for the entire sample, that an increase in R$ 1.00 in per capita unconditional transfers reduces the local price effect (MCF) around 0.07%, but this result is not consistently estimated across all subsamples.

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar o padrão de concorrência no mercado de leite fluido (longa vida e pasteurizado), a partir de evidências sobre os movimentos de preços no varejo e do comportamento das margens de mercado. Utilizou-se o modelo originalmente proposto por Houck (1977), acrescido das observações feitas por Carman e Sexton (2005). Essa abordagem separa as variáveis explicativas entre aumentos e diminuições de preços pagos ao produtor e permite comparar a defasagem entre esses dois movimentos e estudar a estratégia de preços dos agentes a partir das margens dos intermediários. O período analisado foi de dezembro de 1999 a dezembro de 2005 com dados de preços ao consumidor da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (Fipe) e dados de preços ao produtor do Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (Cepea), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Identificou-se que o padrão de concorrência do leite longa vida é bastante distinto do encontrado para o leite pasteurizado. Enquanto para o leite longa vida o padrão de concorrência é mais próximo do modelo competitivo, para o leite pasteurizado o padrão encontrado foi de menor concorrência e liquidez. O vertiginoso crescimento das vendas de leite longa vida, absorvendo grande parte do mercado antes abastecido pelo leite pasteurizado, trouxe maior concorrência nos segmentos de indústria e distribuição, bem como maior velocidade de transmissão de preços ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Entretanto, a precificação com markup com percentual fixo, observada no leite longa vida, indica que indústria e distribuição gozam de algum poder de mercado e que variações absolutas de custo da matéria-prima são repassadas em maior magnitude ao consumidor final.