Suchergebnisse

Shortly following the recapture of the Crimean peninsula from German occupation in 1944, the Stalin regime decided to forcibly remove the Crimean Tatar population to Uzbekistan. This decision was officially made on 11 V 1944 and carried out on 18‑ 20 V 1944. The NKVD rounded up close to 200,000 Crimean Tatars during those three days and sent them by train eastward towards Central Asia. Uzbekistan remained the destination for the vast majority of the deportees. More than 150,000 Crimean Tatar deportees arrived in Uzbekistan in the summer of 1944. The Soviet government resettled over a third of these men, women, and children in Tashkent Oblast outside of the capital city of the republic. In Uzbekistan the NKVD initially settled most of these deportees on kolkhozes and sovkhozes to work as agricultural workers. Malaria, malnutrition, and other maladies claimed the lives of tens of thousands of Crimean Tatar lives during their first couple of years in Uzbekistan. These deadly material conditions convinced many Crimean Tatars to subsequently go find jobs in mines, factories, and constructions sites where they could get better access to medicine and food. The Soviet authorities sent around another 30,000 Crimean Tatars to the Urals and other regions of the R.S.F.S.R. In the Urals the NKVD employed the deported Crimean Tatars in forestry work felling trees. The Soviet government placed the Crimean Tatars both in Uzbekistan and the Urals under special settlement restrictions confining them to their new places of residence and work until 28 IV 1956. Even after this date, however, they were not allowed to return home. This article is on their material and legal conditions from 18 V 1944 until 28 IV 1956, a period of 12 years that had a traumatic and long lasting effect upon the national development of the Crimean Tatars. The source base for this article consists mostly of archival documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF). Some of these I had access to directly while others are reproduced in published document collections.

Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.

Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.

AbstractThis article traces the migration patterns of the Russian‐Germans across international borders from their initial settlement in the Russian Empire starting in 1763 up to the present day. In particular it analyses the reasons behind these migration flows. Both push and pull factors motivated the immigration of ethnic Germans to the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A similarly complex combination of such factors spurred the various waves of emigration by Russian‐Germans out of this territory during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This article seeks to illuminate the primary causes of these migrant flows. It covers the main waves of German immigration into the Russian Empire including the initial settlement in the Volga region from 1763 to 1769, the establishment of the Mennonite colonies in Ukraine from 1789 to 1809 and the migration of German speakers to the Black Sea area from 1804 to 1856. It examines the various waves of emigration out of the territory of the former Russian Empire starting in the 1870s and continuing until today. The article goes on to analyse the immigration of Russian‐Germans to the Americas from Tsarist Russia from the 1870s until the First World War. Then it deals with the various waves of Russian‐German emigration under the Soviet regime starting in 1917–21 and reoccurring later in the 1920s, 1940s, 1970s and finally from 1987 to the collapse of the USSR. Finally, it examines the emigration of Russian‐Germans from Russia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia and their settlement in Germany until 2006. Special attention is given to the history of Stalinist repression and later discrimination against the Russian‐Germans as factors in their desire to emigrate.

During the 1970s, both the Crimean Tatars & Meskhetian Turks in Soviet Central Asia compared their plight to that of the Palestinians. The Stalin regime deported both the Crimean Tatars & Meskhetian Turks from their homelands to dispersed settlements in Central Asia. The similarities between the Soviet policies of expelling & permanently excluding the Crimean Tatars & Meskhetian Turks from their homelands & similar Israeli policies towards the Palestinians are not entirely coincidental. The Zionists based their mass expulsion of Palestinians in 1948 & subsequent prohibition on allowing them to return to their homes in part on the Soviet model. The similarities between the two instances of ethnic cleansing are due in large part to this conscious emulation of Stalin's methods by the Zionists. References. Adapted from the source document.

Variable valve train systems have been brought into focus during recent years as a means to decrease fuel consumption in tomorrow's combustion engines. In this paper an integrated approach, called simulation driven experiments, is utilised in order to aid the development of such highly dynamic systems. Through the use of systematic design methodology, a number of feasible concepts are developed. Critical components are subsequently identified using simulation. In this approach, component behaviour is simulated and validated by measurements on prototype components. These models are unified with complete system models of hydraulically actuated valve trains. In the case of the valve trains systems studied here component models could be validated using comparably simple test set-ups. These models enable the determination of non-critical design parameters in an optimal sense. This results in a number of optimised concepts facilitating an impartial functional concept selection.

Das Buch enthält Kapitel über: M. Azria, Basel, CH: Calcitonin - Physiologische und Pharmakologische AspekteU. Niemeyer, J. Engel, P. Hilgard, M. Peukert, J. Pohl, H. Sindermann, Bielefeld, FRG: Mafosfamid - Ein Derivat des 4-HydroxycyclophosphamidsS. Grünwald, G.P. Pfeifer, Frankfurt, FRG: Enzymatische DNA Methylierung