This paper explores the relationship between public pressures and immigration policy. Using agenda-setting theory as a foundation, it investigates links between news coverage of immigration issues, public opinion, political party positions, and Parliamentary actions on immigration policy in the UK between 1990 and 2010. It finds strong relations among news, opinion, and party attention, but weak relations between those factors and policy enactment. It also shows that no single party or newspapers with particular political leanings can be held responsible for the rising interest in immigration and policy enactment in the past two decades. It concludes that the simple claim that public pressure produces policy (restrictive or otherwise) is not a robust explanation of the policy dynamics and that other factors and dynamics must play significant intervening roles.
This Handbook explores the economic features of the media and its infrastructure to provide readers with a sophisticated understanding of the critical issues and their influence on companies, audiences and regulators. The contributors explore and explain the impact of underlying factors such as multi-sided platforms, advertising and industry structure. They assess the unique economic factors affecting print, broadcast and broadband-based media, and highlight how the economics of the media can influence policy making. Each original chapter introduces the reader to a specific topic, reviews the
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The contemporary increase in kidnapping and killing of journalists worldwide is forcing news enterprises to confront issues of journalists' safety. Complex organisational and journalistic issues surround the capture or kidnapping of journalists in areas of conflict and risk. The authors wrestle with the difficult questions surrounding kidnappings, drawing upon the experiences of journalists who have survived kidnappings, the families of kidnap victims, executives of news organisations whose personnel have been kidnapped, and insurers and recovery teams. They explore how journalists becoming news is covered and the implications of that coverage, how news organisations prepare for and respond to such events, and how kidnapping and ransom insurers, victim recovery firms, journalists' families, and governments influence actions of news enterprises. They consider how and why journalists are kidnapped, how employers and journalists' organisations respond to kidnappings, why freelancers are particularly at risk, and best practices in preventing and responding to kidnappings.
Asiatic canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, is a major threat to worldwide citriculture. Three pathotypes differing in host range and hypersensitive reactions toward citrus species have been defined. Whereas pathotypes Aw and A* have a restricted host range, X. citri pv. citri pathotype A infects a broader range including most commercial citrus species and hybrids and can cause important economic losses in tropical and subtropical areas. Pathotype A strains, especially those assigned to lineage 1, were implicated in the major geographical expansion of X. citri pv. citri during the 20th century from their native area, Asia (Pruvost et al. 2014). X. citri pv. citri is listed as a quarantine pathogen in the European Union (EU) – Directive 2000/29/EC annex II A1. Martinique (France) is an outermost region of the EU in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Canker lesions were first observed at Morne Rouge, Martinique in June 2014 on grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), mandarin (C. reticulata), Tahiti lime (C. latifolia), and Valencia and Washington Navel oranges (C. sinensis). Official diagnostics, including bacterial isolations on YPGA or KC semiselective medium (Pruvost et al. 2005), PCR-based identification with 4/7 primers (Hartung et al. 1993), and pathogenicity tests, were performed following the EPPO standard PM7/44 (www.eppo.int) and identified isolates as X. citri pv. citri. Three strains isolated in Martinique in 2014 from grapefruit or Tahiti lime were further characterized (LL074-4, LL077-2, and LL079). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) targeting six housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, efp, gltA, gyrB, and lepA) (Almeida et al. 2010; Bui Thi Ngoc et al. 2010) identified Martinique strains as X. citri pv. citri with 100% sequence identity to the type strain LMG 9322. Using MLVA-31 targeting 31 minisatellites, Martinique strains were assigned to lineage 1 composed of pathotype A strains (Pruvost et al. 2014). All strains were inoculated by a detached leaf assay onto Mexican lime SRA 140 (C. aurantifolia), sweet orange Washington Navel SRA 102, and grapefruit Henderson SRA 336 (Bui Thi Ngoc et al. 2010). All inoculated leaves produced typical erumpent, callus-like tissue at wound sites. Xanthomonas-like colonies were reisolated from lesions that had developed. Boiled suspensions were assayed by PCR with 4/7 primers and produced the expected amplicon, fulfilling Koch's postulates. No lesions developed on the negative control consisting of sterile 0.01M tris buffer pH 7.2. This is the first report of X. citri pv. citri in Martinique and to our knowledge in the Caribbean region. Surprisingly, all strains collected to date in Martinique grew on YPGA supplemented with 300 mg liter−1 copper sulfate even when no extensive copper spray programs have been used, suggesting that copper-resistant strains may have been introduced. Disease is contained by tree removal and burning and the situation is presently under apparent control although positive trees were sporadically detected in 2015 in backyards or small orchards at Le Lorrain and Saint Pierre. An extensive surveillance program is currently implemented in Martinique for quarantine pathogens of citrus. (Texte intégral)
