Suchergebnisse

The eleven regions participating in the european project "Green Dairy" (the project " Green Dairy » aims at comparing the environmental impact of the systems milkmen of the European Atlantic Space) are responsible for about a quarter of the dairy production of the EU-15. Although situated in the same climatic zone under oceanic influence, the diversity of the physical environment, the structures and the production systems remains considerable. To define this internal and external regional diversity and to place the groups of pilot farms of the " Green Dairy" project in perspective, a processing of individual data from the European FADN for the years 1999 to 2003 was realized. This communication is structured around three sections : 1) some methodological elements necessary for the understanding of the results; 2) the technical characteristics notably the dynamics of the structures, the productivity of the work and the feeding systems ; 3) the production costs and economic results of the farms as well as the regional dairy dynamic. The final discussion will concern the main assets and constraints of the systems and regions studied compared with the challenge of the future: the probable end of milk quota, a more open European and World market, the increase of the price of energy and more restrictive environmental regulations. ; Les onze régions participant au projet européen « Green Dairy » (le projet « Green Dairy » vise à comparer l'impact environnemental des systèmes laitiers de l'Espace Atlantique Européen) réalisent près du quart de la production laitière de l'UE-15. Bien que situées dans la même zone climatique sous influence océanique, la diversité des milieux, des structures et des systèmes de production reste considérable. Pour mieux cerner cette diversité, rendre compte des écarts internes à chaque région et resituer les groupes d'éleveurs des fermes pilotes du projet « Green Dairy », un traitement des données individuelles du RICA européen des exercices 1999 à 2003 a été réalisé. Cette communication ...

The eleven regions participating in the european project "Green Dairy" (the project " Green Dairy » aims at comparing the environmental impact of the systems milkmen of the European Atlantic Space) are responsible for about a quarter of the dairy production of the EU-15. Although situated in the same climatic zone under oceanic influence, the diversity of the physical environment, the structures and the production systems remains considerable. To define this internal and external regional diversity and to place the groups of pilot farms of the " Green Dairy" project in perspective, a processing of individual data from the European FADN for the years 1999 to 2003 was realized. This communication is structured around three sections : 1) some methodological elements necessary for the understanding of the results; 2) the technical characteristics notably the dynamics of the structures, the productivity of the work and the feeding systems ; 3) the production costs and economic results of the farms as well as the regional dairy dynamic. The final discussion will concern the main assets and constraints of the systems and regions studied compared with the challenge of the future: the probable end of milk quota, a more open European and World market, the increase of the price of energy and more restrictive environmental regulations. ; Les onze régions participant au projet européen « Green Dairy » (le projet « Green Dairy » vise à comparer l'impact environnemental des systèmes laitiers de l'Espace Atlantique Européen) réalisent près du quart de la production laitière de l'UE-15. Bien que situées dans la même zone climatique sous influence océanique, la diversité des milieux, des structures et des systèmes de production reste considérable. Pour mieux cerner cette diversité, rendre compte des écarts internes à chaque région et resituer les groupes d'éleveurs des fermes pilotes du projet « Green Dairy », un traitement des données individuelles du RICA européen des exercices 1999 à 2003 a été réalisé. Cette communication s'articule autour de trois parties 1) quelques éléments méthodologiques nécessaires à la compréhension des résultats ; 2) les caractéristiques techniques notamment la dynamique des structures, la productivité du travail et les systèmes d'alimentation adoptés ; 3) les coûts de production, les résultats économiques des exploitations et la dynamique collective interne à chaque zone. Une discussion finale porte sur les principaux atouts et contraintes des systèmes et des régions étudiés par rapport aux enjeux du futur : fin probable des quotas laitiers, ouverture accentuée du marché, renchérissement du prix de l'énergie, réglementation environnementale plus contraignante.

National audience ; The changes observed before and after the setting-up of quotas are analysed on the basis of the changing cattle number and production systems. Until 1984, cattle were mainly used for dairying, but today there are many more suckling cows. The CAP at its beginning aimed at maximizing the production and at modernizing the farming methods, so as to secure the food supply. Two very specialized breeding types were supported for the production of milk and for that of meat, to the detriment of dual-purpose breeds, which then constituted still the majority of the cattle. Since the setting-up of quotas and the emergence of new concerns, e.g. those regarding the environment, the quality of the products, the maintenance of lands etc., the systems have become more diversified, without the previous models being modified. Now that new problems arise (hunger, climate.), those responsible for the agricultural policy, particularly in breeding and in Research-Development, should make their decisions concerning the choice of cattle types on the basis of the diversity of the environments and the preservation of the animals' grass-eating specificity and of the public benefits linked with the presence of grasslands. The regional and European policies should also support more strongly these trends toward multi-functionality and sustainability.

The changes observed before and after the setting-up of quotas are analysed on the basis of the changing cattle number and production systems. Until 1984, cattle were mainly used for dairying, but today there are many more suckling cows. The CAP at its beginning aimed at maximizing the production and at modernizing the farming methods, so as to secure the food supply. Two very specialized breeding types were supported for the production of milk and for that of meat, to the detriment of dual-purpose breeds, which then constituted still the majority of the cattle. Since the setting-up of quotas and the emergence of new concerns, e.g. those regarding the environment, the quality of the products, the maintenance of lands etc., the systems have become more diversified, without the previous models being modified. Now that new problems arise (hunger, climate.), those responsible for the agricultural policy, particularly in breeding and in Research-Development, should make their decisions concerning the choice of cattle types on the basis of the diversity of the environments and the preservation of the animals' grass-eating specificity and of the public benefits linked with the presence of grasslands. The regional and European policies should also support more strongly these trends toward multi-functionality and sustainability.

The regions of the «Atlantic arc» realize nearly the quarter of European dairy production. During the last two decades, the decrease of the number of dairy farms was particularly intense in the Spanish and English areas. In France, the enlargement of farms was less important due to public choices (measurements in favour of young farmers and management of milk quotas). Although the dairy farms of the «Atlantic arc» are located in the same climatic zone (under oceanic influence), they privilege varied food systems and a more or less intensive use of fodder surfaces. Because of limited surfaces, the Portuguese and Spanish farms buy important quantities of animal food and are often intensive. The farms of the west of France, which frequently develop ensiled fodder, face important environmental problems, because this region produces many animal productions (pigs and poultry). Food cost is low but they are penalized by high costs of mechanization. The Irish and English units, for which food is provided mainly by grass, have a low production cost. However, they are penalized by a weak milk price and they invest little. The dairy farms of the «Atlantic arc» are thus not all equal when facing the new challenges: the future of the milk quota system (which raises important territorial stakes in France); the increase in the price of fossil energy (which could involve a rise in the price of cereals, unfavorable to the food systems of the south); the reinforcement of environmental constraints (which implies investments). ; Les régions de «l'arc Atlantique» réalisent près du quart de la production laitière de l'Union européenne. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le taux de restructuration du secteur productif laitier a été particulièrement intense dans les régions espagnoles et anglaises. Dans les régions françaises, les mesures en faveur de l'installation de jeunes agriculteurs et la gestion administrée des quotas laitiers ont freiné le mouvement d'agrandissement des exploitations. Bien que situées dans la même zone ...

The European regions bordering the Atlantic Ocean and which participated to the research project "Green Dairy" account for nearly a quarter of the milk production of the European Union. During the two last decades, the decrease of the number of dairy farms was particularly intense in the Spanish and English regions. In France, the enlargement of farms was less important due to public choices (some measures have been taken in favour of the young farmers and the administrative management of the milk quotas is strict). Although the dairy farms of the "Atlantic arc" are located in the same climatic zone, under oceanic influence, they have different food systems and their fodder surfaces are more or less intensive way. Because of limited surfaces, the Portuguese and Spanish farms buy important quantities of animal food and are often intensive. The farms of the West of France, which frequently develop ensiled fodder, have some environmental problems, because of the concomitant presence in the same territory of other livestock (pigs and poultry). Supported by a low food cost, they are penalized by high costs of mechanization. The Irish and English units, in which the food is provided mainly by grass, have a low production cost. However, they are penalized by a weak milk price and their investments are low. The dairy farms of the "Atlantic arc" are thus not all homogeneous face to the new challenges: the future of the milk quota system raises important territorial stakes in France ; the increase in the price of the fossil energy could involve a rise in the price of the cereals, unfavorable to the food systems of the south; the strengthening of environmental implies investment for the modernization of buildings that have not always been anticipated in the United Kingdom and Ireland. ; Les régions européennes qui jouxtent l'océan atlantique et qui ont participé au projet de recherche « Green Dairy » réalisent près du quart de la production laitière de l'Union européenne. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le taux de ...

Les régions européennes qui jouxtent l'océan atlantique et qui ont participé au projet de recherche « Green Dairy » réalisent près du quart de la production laitière de l'Union européenne. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le taux de restructuration du secteur productif laitier a été particulièrement intense dans les régions espagnoles et anglaises. Dans les régions françaises, les mesures prises en faveur de l'installation de jeunes agriculteurs et la gestion administrée des quotas laitiers ont freiné le mouvement d'agrandissement des exploitations. Bien que situées dans la même zone climatique, sous influence océanique, les exploitations laitières de l'arc atlantique ont des systèmes alimentaires variés et utilise plus ou moins intensivement leurs surfaces fourragères. Du fait de la rareté du foncier, les exploitations portugaises et espagnoles achètent d'importantes quantités de concentrés et sont souvent intensives. Les exploitations de l'Ouest de la France, qui valorisent fréquemment des fourrages ensilés, sont confrontées à des difficultés environnementales, en raison de la présence concomitante sur le même territoire d'autres productions animales (porcs et volailles). Favorisées par un faible coût alimentaire, elles sont pénalisées par des frais élevés de mécanisation. Les unités irlandaises et anglaises, qui laissent une large place à l'herbe, ont un coût de production du lait bien maîtrisé. Elles sont cependant pénalisées par un faible prix du lait et investissent peu. Les exploitations laitières de l'arc atlantique ne sont donc pas toutes homogènes face aux nouveaux défis : la remise en cause du régime des quotas laitiers soulève d'importants enjeux territoriaux en France ; le renchérissement du prix de l'énergie fossile pourrait entraîner une hausse du prix des céréales peu favorable aux systèmes alimentaires du Sud ; le renforcement des contraintes environnementales implique des investissements pour la modernisation des bâtiments qui n'ont pas pas toujours été anticipés au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande. ; The European regions bordering the Atlantic Ocean and which participated to the research project "Green Dairy" account for nearly a quarter of the milk production of the European Union. During the two last decades, the decrease of the number of dairy farms was particularly intense in the Spanish and English regions. In France, the enlargement of farms was less important due to public choices (some measures have been taken in favour of the young farmers and the administrative management of the milk quotas is strict). Although the dairy farms of the "Atlantic arc" are located in the same climatic zone, under oceanic influence, they have different food systems and their fodder surfaces are more or less intensive way. Because of limited surfaces, the Portuguese and Spanish farms buy important quantities of animal food and are often intensive. The farms of the West of France, which frequently develop ensiled fodder, have some environmental problems, because of the concomitant presence in the same territory of other livestock (pigs and poultry). Supported by a low food cost, they are penalized by high costs of mechanization. The Irish and English units, in which the food is provided mainly by grass, have a low production cost. However, they are penalized by a weak milk price and their investments are low. The dairy farms of the "Atlantic arc" are thus not all homogeneous face to the new challenges: the future of the milk quota system raises important territorial stakes in France ; the increase in the price of the fossil energy could involve a rise in the price of the cereals, unfavorable to the food systems of the south; the strengthening of environmental implies investment for the modernization of buildings that have not always been anticipated in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Les régions de «l'arc Atlantique» réalisent près du quart de la production laitière de l'Union européenne. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le taux de restructuration du secteur productif laitier a été particulièrement intense dans les régions espagnoles et anglaises. Dans les régions françaises, les mesures en faveur de l'installation de jeunes agriculteurs et la gestion administrée des quotas laitiers ont freiné le mouvement d'agrandissement des exploitations. Bien que situées dans la même zone climatique (sous influence océanique), les exploitations laitières de l'arc Atlantique privilégient des systèmes alimentaires variés et une utilisation plus ou moins intensive des surfaces fourragères. Du fait de surfaces limitées, les exploitations portugaises et espagnoles achètent d'importantes quantités de concentrés et sont souvent intensives. Les exploitations de l'Ouest de la France, qui valorisent fréquemment des fourrages ensilés, sont confrontées à des difficultés environnementales importantes, en raison de la présence d'autres productions animales (porcs et volailles). Favorisées par un faible coût alimentaire, elles sont pénalisées par des coûts de mécanisation élevés. Les unités irlandaises et anglaises, qui laissent une large place à l'herbe, ont un coût de production du lait bien maîtrisé. Elles sont cependant pénalisées par un faible prix du lait et investissent peu. Les exploitations laitières de l'arc Atlantique ne sont donc pas toutes homogènes face aux nouveaux défis : la remise en cause du régime des quotas laitiers (qui soulève d'importants enjeux territoriaux en France) ; le renchérissement du prix de l'énergie fossile (qui pourrait entraîner une hausse du prix des céréales, peu favorable aux systèmes alimentaires du sud) ; le renforcement des contraintes environnementales (qui implique des investissements). ; The regions of the «Atlantic arc» realize nearly the quarter of European dairy production. During the last two decades, the decrease of the number of dairy farms was particularly intense in the Spanish and English areas. In France, the enlargement of farms was less important due to public choices (measurements in favour of young farmers and management of milk quotas). Although the dairy farms of the «Atlantic arc» are located in the same climatic zone (under oceanic influence), they privilege varied food systems and a more or less intensive use of fodder surfaces. Because of limited surfaces, the Portuguese and Spanish farms buy important quantities of animal food and are often intensive. The farms of the west of France, which frequently develop ensiled fodder, face important environmental problems, because this region produces many animal productions (pigs and poultry). Food cost is low but they are penalized by high costs of mechanization. The Irish and English units, for which food is provided mainly by grass, have a low production cost. However, they are penalized by a weak milk price and they invest little. The dairy farms of the «Atlantic arc» are thus not all equal when facing the new challenges: the future of the milk quota system (which raises important territorial stakes in France); the increase in the price of fossil energy (which could involve a rise in the price of cereals, unfavorable to the food systems of the south); the reinforcement of environmental constraints (which implies investments).

Les productions bovines, ovines et caprines (lait et viande) occupent une place importante dans l'Union Européenne (UE), tant sur le plan économique (elles représentent 45% de la production agricole finale), social (elles contribuent à l'emploi de certaines zones rurales peu dotées en services et en industries) que territorial (entretien des sols, ouverture des paysages, aménagement de l'espace, y compris dans des régions à fortes contraintes pédo-climatiques). Les interactions entre chacune de ces filières ont toujours été importantes, en particulier entre le lait et la viande bovine. Cette synthèse présente la localisation du cheptel d'herbivores au sein des régions européennes et insiste sur les facteurs, principalement ceux issus des réformes successives de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), qui ont influé sur les mouvements géographiques. A l'avenir, la suppression éventuelle du régime des quotas laitiers et les modalités d'application du découplage pourraient avoir un impact conséquent sur la répartition territoriale de l'offre. ; The bovine, ovine and caprine productions (milk and meat) play an important role in the European union (EU), in terms of economic (they account for 45% of the final agricultural production), social (they contribute to employment in certain rural areas where services and industries are low developed) and territorial (opening of the landscapes, space occupation, including in areas with strong natural constraints). The interactions between theses productions were always important, in particular between milk and the beef and veal. This synthesis presents the localization of the herbivores livestock within the European areas and insists on the factors, mainly those resulting from the successive reforms of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), which influenced the geographical movements. In the future, the possible suppression of the dairy quota system and the methods applied to implement the decoupling could have a consequent impact on the territorial distribution of theses productions.

The bovine, ovine and caprine productions (milk and meat) play an important role in the European union (EU), in terms of economic (they account for 45% of the final agricultural production), social (they contribute to employment in certain rural areas where services and industries are low developed) and territorial (opening of the landscapes, space occupation, including in areas with strong natural constraints). The interactions between theses productions were always important, in particular between milk and the beef and veal. This synthesis presents the localization of the herbivores livestock within the European areas and insists on the factors, mainly those resulting from the successive reforms of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), which influenced the geographical movements. In the future, the possible suppression of the dairy quota system and the methods applied to implement the decoupling could have a consequent impact on the territorial distribution of theses productions. ; Les productions bovines, ovines et caprines (lait et viande) occupent une place importante dans l'Union Européenne (UE), tant sur le plan économique (elles représentent 45% de la production agricole finale), social (elles contribuent à l'emploi de certaines zones rurales peu dotées en services et en industries) que territorial (entretien des sols, ouverture des paysages, aménagement de l'espace, y compris dans des régions à fortes contraintes pédo-climatiques). Les interactions entre chacune de ces filières ont toujours été importantes, en particulier entre le lait et la viande bovine. Cette synthèse présente la localisation du cheptel d'herbivores au sein des régions européennes et insiste sur les facteurs, principalement ceux issus des réformes successives de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), qui ont influé sur les mouvements géographiques. A l'avenir, la suppression éventuelle du régime des quotas laitiers et les modalités d'application du découplage pourraient avoir un impact conséquent sur la répartition territoriale de ...