Suchergebnisse

L'articolo intende indagare criticamente l'attuale assetto del Diritto del lavoro ancora focalizzato, da un punto di vista assiologico e regolativo, sulla predominanza della fattispecie del lavoro subordinato, laddove sarebbe il tempo di riconsiderare come tutto il lavoro rientri nel processo di produzione capitalistico. Superando la frattura esistente tra norma giuridica e realtà sociale, un'idea unitaria e al contempo pluralistica di lavoro può consentire una nuova politica del diritto e una diversa architettura regolativa, finalizzate alla costruzione di tutele sociali legate al lavoro personale a favore di altri, indipendentemente dal tipo negoziali e dalle forme con-trattuali impiegate, e a prescindere dalle categorie giuridiche della autonomia o subordinazione.

The essay analyses the concept of employed worker in the light of the expansive trend of labour law. Two perspectives are investigated. The first concerns the revisiting of the concept of employed worker through the interpretation of jurisprudence. Comparative analysis demonstrates a tendency, not univocal but prevalent, of jurisprudence to broaden the notion of subordinate work, which manifests itself through purposive interpretation techniques. The other perspective is that of the creation of intermediate categories, such as that of 'worker' in the UK or that of 'parasubordinato' work in Italy, or even the notion of 'economically dependent selfemployment' (Spain, Germany), to which selectively apply some protections of subordinate work. The current challenge of labour law is therefore to be able to respond to changes in the production reality, exemplified by work through a digital platform, to provide adequate protection for new forms of work and new ways in which subordination is expressed. ; The essay analyses the concept of employed worker in the light of the expansive trend of labour law. Two perspectives are investigated. The first concerns the revisiting of the concept of employed worker through the interpretation of jurisprudence. Comparative analysis demonstrates a tendency, not univocal but prevalent, of jurisprudence to broaden the notion of subordinate work, which manifests itself through purposive interpretation techniques. The other perspective is that of the creation of intermediate categories, such as that of 'worker' in the UK or that of 'parasubordinato' work in Italy, or even the notion of 'economically dependent self-employment' (Spain, Germany), to which selectively apply some protections of subordinate work. The current challenge of labour law is therefore to be able to respond to changes in the production reality, exemplified by work through a digital platform, to provide adequate protection for new forms of work and new ways in which subordination is expressed.

The author considers that working 'for others' must constitute the basis of the protections ensured by labour law. The "labour" that deserves social protection cannot be limited to the narrow sphere of technical and legal subordination, but it is necessary to identify a new reference type that goes "beyond" subordination. More specifically, the labour law system must be reconstructed on two interrelated levels: a first civil contractual level in which the regulation takes place on the basis of types and cases; a second "labour law level", in which the distribution of protections, according to the value of labour, takes also place on the basis of new criteria for expressing the social vulnerability. The interpretative adaptation of the notion of subordination, while feasible, would not lead to satisfactory results. The meaning of the normative statement in Article 2094 of the Italian Civil Code does not seem so uncertain as to justify a "purposive" interpretation and to attribute a different and broader normative content to the concept of subordination. It seems preferable to adopt a universalistic approach in which protections can be selectively extended to the whole world of labour, starting from subordination but going beyond subordination, and declined according to the specific needs of social protection expressed and the material conditions in which the work (without adjectives) is performed. In conclusion, it is necessary that the labour law continues to protect dependent work possibly more than before, but at the same time, it is necessary a movement beyond subordination, using the techniques of selective universalism. Notions such as "economic dependence", "personal labour relations", "hetero-organisation" are not alternative criteria to subordination, but criteria that help labour law to recover its strength and justification, from a legal and moral point of view. ; El autor considera que el trabajo "por cuenta ajena" debe constituir la base de las protecciones garantizadas por el derecho laboral. El "trabajo" que merece protección social no puede limitarse a la estrecha esfera de la subordinación técnica y jurídica, sino que es necesario identificar un nuevo tipo de referencia que vaya "más allá" de la subordinación. Más concretamente, el sistema de derecho laboral debe reconstruirse en dos niveles interrelacionados: un primer nivel contractual civil en el que la regulación se lleva a cabo sobre la base de tipos y casos; un segundo "nivel de derecho laboral", en el que la distribución de las protecciones, según el valor del trabajo, se lleva a cabo también sobre la base de nuevos criterios para expresar la vulnerabilidad social. La adaptación interpretativa de la noción de subordinación, si bien es factible, no dará resultados satisfactorios. El significado de la declaración normativa del artículo 2094 del Código Civil italiano no parece tan incierto como para justificar una interpretación "intencionada" y atribuir un contenido normativo diferente y más amplio al concepto de subordinación. Parece preferible adoptar un enfoque universalista en el que las protecciones puedan extenderse selectivamente a todo el mundo del trabajo, partiendo de la subordinación pero yendo más allá de la subordinación, y declinarlas según las necesidades específicas de protección social expresadas y las condiciones materiales en las que se realiza el trabajo (sin adjetivos). En conclusión, es necesario que el derecho laboral siga protegiendo el trabajo dependiente posiblemente más que antes, pero al mismo tiempo es necesario un movimiento más allá de la subordinación, utilizando las técnicas del universalismo selectivo. Nociones como "dependencia económica", "relaciones laborales personales", "hetero-organización" no son criterios alternativos a la subordinación, sino criterios que ayudan al derecho laboral a recuperar su fuerza y justificación, desde el punto de vista jurídico y moral. ; L'autore del saggio ritiene che il lavorare "per altri" debba costituire il fondamento razionale delle tutele assicurate dal diritto del lavoro, indipendentemente dal lavorare "alle dipendenze e sotto la direzione dell'imprenditore". Il "fare per altri" meritevole di tutela sociale non può essere infatti limitato alla stretta sfera della subordinazione tecnico-giuridica. E' necessario identificare una nuova fattispecie di riferimento che si collochi "oltre" la subordinazione. Più specificamente, il sistema del diritto del lavoro va ricostruito su due livelli normativi interrelati: un primo livello civilistico contrattuale in cui la normazione avviene per tipi e per fattispecie, senza che avvenga l'aggregazione tipologica delle prestazioni di fare; un secondo livello, giuslavoristico, in cui l'aggregazione delle tutele e la loro distribuzione razionale rispetto al valore, pur senza prescindere del tutto dal primo livello, avviene sulla base di movimenti trans-tipici e di nuovi criteri di espressione del deficit democratico e della vulnerabilità sociale. La strada dell'adattamento interpretativo della nozione di subordinazione, pur percorribile, non porterebbe a risultati soddisfacenti. E' molto difficile sostenere che il senso dell'enunciato normativo di cui all'art. 2094 c.c., sia talmente incerto da giustificare un'interpretazione "purposive" e, di conseguenza, attribuire al concetto di subordinazione un contenuto normativo diverso e più ampio. Ad ogni modo, rispetto all'elaborazione di una nozione ampia di subordinazione pare preferibile adottare una visione universalistica, ma modulare delle tutele, da estendere selettivamente all'intero mondo del lavoro a partire dalla subordinazione ma oltre la subordinazione, e declinate in ragione degli specifici bisogni di protezione sociale espressi e delle condizioni materiali in cui il lavoro (senza aggettivi) viene prestato a favore di altri. in conclusione, occorre che la cultura del diritto del lavoro, continui a tutelare il lavoro dipendente come prima e possibilmente più di prima, ma al contempo muova oltre la subordinazione, espandendo le tecniche dell'universalismo selettivo. Nozioni come "dipendenza economica", "relazioni personali di lavoro", "etero-organizzazione" non rappresentano criteri alternativi alla subordinazione, ma compagni di viaggio grazie ai quali il diritto del lavoro può recuperare la sua forza e la sua giustificazione, non solo legale-razionale ma anche (e soprattutto) morale.

The Future of Work' is a collection of expert essays that furnishes an abundance of well-thought-out material for comprehending the consequences of digitalization for the labour market and industrial relations. Far from being solely a technological issue, digitalization has broad implications in the social, labour and economic spheres. It leads to perils and opportunities for the workforce, and thus labour law must establish effective ways to both protect workers and allow them to profit from new technological developments

The Role of the State and Industrial Relations', using a comparative approach (the European Union, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Japan, China, the United States, Brazil, South Africa and India), reconstructs the general framework of global industrial relations considering challenges and future prospects and proposing a new agenda for the state. The new era of industrial relations that has been stealthily changing the world of work in recent decades seems to have reached a stage where it can be systematically monitored and analyzed, in great part because the "creeping renationalization" that has been noted since the financial crisis of 2008 has reinvigorated state intervention in essential economic structures. In the globalized word, with the internationalization of the economy and increasing competitive pressures, industrial relations are developing in new directions. The contributions in this book provide important new perspectives on the many challenges inherent in the present and future of the relationship between industrial relations and the state

Introduction / Adalberto Perulli -- Law, enterprise and employers / Antoine Lyon-Caen -- The contractual theory of the firm and some good reasons for regulating the employment relationship / Francesco Denozza -- Productive decentralization : an International and comparative perspective / Jean-Michel Servais -- Enterprise transformations, externalization processes and productive decentralization / Adrián Goldin -- Lost in externalisation : a regulatory failure of labour law? / Riccardo Del Punta -- Multinational firms and local development : how global value chains can sustain industrial commons / Mariachiara Barzotto, Giancarlo Coró & Mario Volpe -- Enterprise-network and enterprise-groups : trends and National/International experiences the duty of care / Sheldon Leader -- Enterprise networks and enterprise groups / Orsola Razzolini -- Group of companies and employment contracts / Valerio Speziale -- Collective bargaining at the transnational level / Giuseppe Casale -- Japan's decentralized industrial relations, internal flexicurity, and challenges Japan faces / Takashi Araki -- The enterprise, labour and the court of justice / Jeff Kenner -- Appeals for constitutional protection "Recurso de Amparo"/ Fernando Valdés Dal-Ré -- Workers participation in the firm : trends and insights / Tiziano Treu -- Workers participation in th enterprise in Germany / Manfred Weiss -- Workers participation in the enterprise : welfare and quality of work / Agar Brugiavini -- The 'Constitutionalisation' of the firm : the corporation as a legal system / Andrea Pin -- The theories of the firm between ecoomy and law / Adalberto Perulli