Suchergebnisse

Jordan population have increased 3 million in the last five years. 1.5 Million are refugees from Syria. 800 thousand are inside refugee camps in the northern part of Jordan. 100 thousand are situated in Zaatari camp which is located 10 kilometres east of Mafraq city. This enormous influx increased solid waste volume generated by 480 tons daily. The additional waste generation has exacerbated preexisting pressures on waste management, in which service capacities in northern municipalities were already exceeded, funding already fell short of need, and collection supplies were already inefficient. USAID estimated the total fiscal cost for municipal governments originating from the Syrian refugee crisis amounted to around $25.4 million in 2013 and $33.0 million in 2014. The main problem in the camps nowadays that people live under very bad conditions and the generated waste is creating environmental and health problems. Different organization together with Jordanian government work to find solution to these problems. Unfortunately these efforts is restricted by the limitation of funding. According to the political and economical situation the crises will not be solved and refugees will not return back home soon. Thus, these campus are gradually evolving into a permanent settlement. Proper waste management is critical to preserving refugees' health and well-being and to protect the environment. The aim of this paper is to identify the challenges facing waste management in Zaatari camp. Furthermore, to suggest proper solution through comparing different waste management solutions considering the existing waste management in Mafraq area. ; Jordan population have increased 3 million in the last five years. 1.5 Million are refugees from Syria. 800 thousand are inside refugee camps in the northern part of Jordan. 100 thousand are situated in Zaatari camp which is located 10 kilometres east of Mafraq city. This enormous influx increased solid waste volume generated by 480 tons daily. The additional waste generation has exacerbated preexisting pressures on waste management, in which service capacities in northern municipalities were already exceeded, funding already fell short of need, and collection supplies were already inefficient. USAID estimated the total fiscal cost for municipal governments originating from the Syrian refugee crisis amounted to around $25.4 million in 2013 and $33.0 million in 2014. The main problem in the camps nowadays that people live under very bad conditions and the generated waste is creating environmental and health problems. Different organization together with Jordanian government work to find solution to these problems. Unfortunately these efforts is restricted by the limitation of funding. According to the political and economical situation the crises will not be solved and refugees will not return back home soon. Thus, these campus are gradually evolving into a permanent settlement. Proper waste management is critical to preserving refugees' health and well-being and to protect the environment. The aim of this paper is to identify the challenges facing waste management in Zaatari camp. Furthermore, to suggest proper solution through comparing different waste management solutions considering the existing waste management in Mafraq area.

Every year two billion tons of MSW are produced globally. Due to the impact of solid waste and population growth, it is necessary to develop an integrated solid waste management plan. Such a plan, holistic in scope, would aim to minimize the negative impact of this material in the environment while being economically viable. The designation and terming of any one mode of waste treatment as superior or preferable is an intricate issue in which a large set of standards and measures should be taken into account. The decision must consider not only economic and political aspects and realities but also environmental ones in the long term. According to the traditional method of life cycle assessment (LCA), it is possible to evaluate the environmental impact of different technologies and systems used for solid waste management such as recycling and biological treatments, waste-to-energy facilities and landfills. In order to provide examples and bases for comparison, several previous LCA studies are considered in this paper. Furthermore, various pros and cons of landfills and waste-to-energy facilities, taking into consideration European environmental, financial, and political realities are verified as well as the importance of European regulations and economic instruments adopted in several member countries. The results prove that the MSW hierarchy (avoid, reuse, recycle, recovery energy and landfill) present in the European regulation is the most adequate way to treat waste.

The objective of this paper is to present a brief overview of the current situation of solid waste in Brazil, as well as the importance of the National Policy of Solid Waste as the main regulatory milestone of the country, clarifying the role of society, government and the private sector. Moreover, this law is essential for determining the closing of dumps, encouraging municipal consortia and establishing a hierarchy for solid waste management through waste reduction at source, reuse, recycling, energy recovery and disposal. Also it aims to understand how São Paulo, the most important city of Brazil, is currently facing the problem and what are the scenarios and proposals indicated in the Integrated Management Solid Waste Plan of the city to get the sustainable solid waste management of São Paulo in operation. ; The objective of this paper is to present a brief overview of the current situation of solid waste in Brazil, as well as the importance of the National Policy of Solid Waste as the main regulatory milestone of the country, clarifying the role of society, government and the private sector. Moreover, this law is essential for determining the closing of dumps, encouraging municipal consortia and establishing a hierarchy for solid waste management through waste reduction at source, reuse, recycling, energy recovery and disposal. Also it aims to understand how São Paulo, the most important city of Brazil, is currently facing the problem and what are the scenarios and proposals indicated in the Integrated Management Solid Waste Plan of the city to get the sustainable solid waste management of São Paulo in operation.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Abstract
Background
Contamination of drinking water by hazardous chemicals can be associated with human health risks. Recent studies using effect-based in vitro methods have demonstrated that a large part of the observed toxic effects are caused by unknown chemicals. In this study, we have used a panel of effect-based methods to study the presence of chemical contaminants in a unique material; glass-bottled Swedish tap water collected during the 1990s. These water samples were compared to drinking water from the same source waters and drinking water facilities, yet collected about 25 years later, in 2020.

Results
Samples were concentrated by solid phase extraction and evaluated for the following activities; estrogen receptor activity, androgen receptor activity, antiandrogenic activity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, and oxidative stress response. We observed aryl hydrocarbon receptor activities in almost all studied samples and estrogen receptor activity in three out of ten studied samples. No activities were observed for androgen receptor activity, antiandrogenic activity or oxidative stress response. In general, observed activities were more frequent and higher in the water samples collected during the 1990s as compared to the corresponding samples collected in 2020.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that it is possible to conduct an effect-based evaluation of the presence of hazardous chemicals in drinking water, with as small starting volume as 330 mL, by using miniaturized bioassays. Further, by comparing the glass-bottled water samples with newly collected water samples from the same drinking water treatment facilities, our results indicate that the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor activating compounds in the drinking water has decreased over the approximately quarter of a century that is separating the two sampling occasions. This difference could be due to improved raw water quality and/or improved treatment efficiency in the treatment plants.

Reliable safe water supply is a pillar of society and a key to public health. The Nordic countries have an abundance of clean fresh water as a source for drinking water supplies. They have followed developments in safeguarding water, both the recommendations of the World Health Organization framework for safe drinking water and European legislation. Worldwide, including the Nordic countries, small water supplies are less compliant with water safety regulation. The forthcoming EU directive on drinking water require risk-based approaches and improved transparency on water quality. This research looks at the Nordic frameworks for safe water supply, with emphasis on risk-based approaches and smaller systems. We analyzed the legal frameworks for safe water, the structure of the water sector across the Nordic countries and explored how prepared these countries are to meet these requirements. Our findings show that, while legal requirements are mostly in place, delivery of information to the public needs to be improved. Most Nordic countries are in the process of implementing risk-based management in large and medium size water supplies, whereas small supplies are lagging. We conclude that a key to success is increased training and support for small supplies. We suggest wider adoption of the Nordic model of cooperation with benchmarking of safe water for all to transfer knowledge between the countries. This work provides insights into challenges and opportunities for the Nordic countries and provides insights relevant to countries worldwide in their effort towards realization of SDG Target 6.1.