Suchergebnisse

ARTICLE, BY EMPLOYING VOTING SIMULATIONS IN A SURVEY OF PARTY ACTIVISTS, EXAMINES RESPONSES TO A WOMAN'S CLAIM TO PARTY OFFICE ON THE BASIS OF HER SEX. THE DEGREE OF ACCEPTANCE OF THIS CLAIM - THE WILLINGNESS TO GRANT SOCIAL REPRESENTATION - IS CONTRASTED WITH THE RESPONDENTS' INCLINATION TO SELECT CANDIDATES FAVORABLE TO WOMEN'S RIGHTS, OR WHAT IS CALLED THE GRANTING OF OPINION REPRESENTATION.

This book discusses ways to improve macroeconomic policy in the context of the various macroeconomic problems of the past two decades, with the chapters having been written at various times over that period. It emphasises the need to find the best combinations of monetary policy and different forms of taxation and government outlays to achieve high employment and low inflation. There is a concluding chapter discussing the special problems that arise when inflation has become low, zero or even negative.

Discussions of macroeconomic policy often focus on changes in the budget deficit. A low budget deficit is one of the criteria for admission to the EMU. But some combinations of fiscal measures having a given effect on the budget deficit can have damaging effects on the principal macroeconomic objectives such as inflation and full employment, whereas other combinations will not. This is illustrated by using results from simulations for various OECD countries.

MOST DEBATES ABOUT THE STATE OF BLACK AMERICANS FOCUS ON NEGATIVE INDICATORS: THE NUMBER OF BLACKS IN POVERTY, THE NUMBER OF BLACKS ON WELFARE, THE NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED BLACKS, THE NUMBER OF TEEN-AGE PREGNANCIES, THE NUMBER OF BLACK CRIMINAL OFFENDERS. THIS EMPHASIS OFFERS A VERY SKEWED PICTURE OF BLACK PROGRESS. MOST BLACKS ARE NOT POOR, MOST ARE NOT ON WELFARE, MOST BLACK TEEN-AGE GIRLS DON'T GET PREGNANT, AND MOST BLACKS ARE NOT CRIMINALS. THE IMPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE BLACK BUSINESS SECTOR IS NOT AN ABERRATION. INDEED, IF THE STATE OF BLACK AMERICA IS GUAGED BY "POSITIVE" INDICATORS THOSE THAT MEASURE BLACKS' PROGRESS RATHER THAN "NEGATIVE" INDICATORS THAT MEASURE PATHOLOGY, THE 1980S HAVE BEEN A BOOM DECADE FOR BLACKS.

The historiography of agrarian Germany before 1914 is fundamentally based upon two moments (in the Weberian sense): one of a structural and the other of an institutional nature. The structural moment comprises an emphasis upon the existence and role of agrarian dualism, that is, upon a sharp contrast, emerging from the later Middle Ages onwards, in the agrarian systems found east and west of the River Elbe and its tributary the Saale, which together formed a line bisecting Germany from Hamburg to the modern Czechoslavakian frontier. The institutional moment consists of the shift from a free-trade to a protectionist policy in respect of cereals after 1879. In the words of a leading West German agrarian historian, "On 1 January 1880 … a new epoch commenced for German agricultural policy." In addition, the adoption of a grain tariff from 1879 is generally assumed to have had a determining influence upon the subsequent development of German agriculture and, for that matter, is thought by some writers to have exerted a considerable influence upon the entire course of modern German history.