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Abstract
This article reviews issues relevant to the Chinese School of International Relations (IR) theory. After 20 or more years of relentless effort, the Chinese School has achieved concrete breakthroughs, evident in the emergence of Relational Theory, Moral Realism, and Symbiosis Theory. The Chinese School has thus entered a new stage, its primary task having been upgraded from theory innovation to theory development. But to proceed further, the Chinese School needs critical responses from its Western counterparts. Owing primarily to the language barrier, as well as to the non-confrontational academic tradition within Chinese IR, and the ethnocentrism that both sides practice, the few dialogues that have taken place between the Chinese School and Western theories have tended to be problematic, with important issues either ignored or misrepresented. In order to further study a comprehensive and intensive exchange of ideas between the Chinese School and Western theories, this article categorises issues relevant to the Chinese School into three areas. They are: process of evolution; progress in theoretical studies; and the Chinese School's future relationship with other theoretical entities (in particular, Global IR). Predominantly reliant upon the discourse analysis of Chinese School publications, this contribution seeks to provide a foundation for further exchanges between Western theories and the Chinese School.

The Chinese School Movement, which aims to create a Chinese theory of international relations, has developed over the last 30 years. It is usually portrayed as an ongoing effort by Chinese scholars to provide a theory that accounts for anomalies within Western IR theories. Despite its academic potential, the movement has made extremely slow progress in theory building. This slow progress is attributed to the prevalence of the Sino-centrism in Chinese IR which assumes the superiority of Chinese international experience in knowledge making and evaluation. This epistemological tradition rises, falls, and resurges in Chinese IR disciplinary history and finds its latest expression in the Chinese School Movement, which turns it into a pseudo-scientific enterprise. Under its influence, the Chinese School Movement is constantly applauded by Chinese IR scholars despite the difficulty in yielding scientific output. The most urgent task for Chinese scholars is therefore not to further strengthen the Sino-centrism tradition by searching for a unique Chinese understanding of international relations but to deconstruct it for better communication between Chinese and Western IR scholars. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

It has been found that migration flows follow the power-law distribution in terms of travel distances, and this work testifies that the distributions of origins and destinations fit the power-law as well, based on data collected during 1949–2012 in China. A social network model is conceptually built to measure each county's out-degree (origins) and in-degree (destinations). It shows that both the distributions of origins and destinations follow the power-law distribution, and they are in the middle range of verified power-law exponents. With socio-economic implications, the power-law exponent measures the unbalance of resources and opportunities. Since the beginning of the reform and opening-up policy, China has experienced a transition from a redistributive economy to a market economy, i.e. from a centralized state to a decentralized state. The market or economy mechanism brings vast and in-depth development in various fields, and therefore continually reduces this inequality in mainland China. As long as the market plays the core role in the economy, exponents of origins and destinations will decline gradually, and they will both increase when the market is interrupted or weakened after the global financial crisis (2008–9). The distribution of resources and opportunities governs the migration flows. The market mechanism facilitates the balanced distribution of resources and opportunities, and therefore renders the more balanced trend of migration flows in China.

This article traces the socio-economic origins of the first generation of the visibly richest private entrepreneurs in China by analysing the roles of political background, family connections and culture capital. Based on a data set essentially reconstructed from two leading Chinese rich lists from 2003 to 2012, the author finds no clear evidence to support the hypothesis of "strong political capitalism". The theory of "interrupted embourgeoisement" is applicable to those who come from pre-communist elite or petty-bourgeois families, but more than half of the rich founders were born into the lower-middle class, such as the urban working class or peasantry. Moreover, for those who majored in social sciences and humanities, having a college degree is considered a ticket for landing a job in a public institute early in their career, while those having credentials in sciences and engineering are more likely to start their business in relevant areas directly. The author concludes that although each factor is vital, none of these provides a satisfactory single explanation for individual super-wealth. There is also a significant distinction between pioneers (early adopters) and newcomers (the recently established entrepreneurs). (China/GIGA)

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to describe and analyze people's confidence in political institutions in the so-called BRICS countries, that is, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. I argue that the quality of macroeconomic indicators cannot explain the variation in political confidence between the five most dynamic new emerging economies, and that there is no substantial difference among the young, middle-aged, and senior-aged groups. By combing data from the Asia Barometer Survey and the World Value Survey, I provide two complementary approaches, one sociocultural and the other micropolitical, to reveal the factors that influence people's confidence in four major political institutions. The explanatory effects of these two approaches are mixed. Political identity and values, in most cases, have a significant impact on political confidence. On the other hand, high levels of interpersonal social trust, individual happiness, and satisfaction with living standards also show positive influences.

Chinese scholars have achieved a comprehensive consensus on the disciplinary history of International Relations (IR) in China. However, this collective understanding of the evolution of Chinese IR is problematic because it denies the existence of pre-1949 Chinese IR and mistakenly sets the starting point of Chinese IR to be the mid 1960s, thus providing a progressive image of the IR discipline in China which is historically untenable. This essay rectifies this misunderstanding by reconstructing the history of Chinese IR before 1949. It verifies the existence of pre-1949 Chinese IR by reviewing the IR-relevant institutional setting in Chinese universities before 1949 and comparing the situation before 1949 with that in the mid 1960s, when the three IR departments were established. Further, the essay tentatively explains why pre-1949 Chinese IR has disappeared in the mainstream discourse of the history of Chinese IR. It argues that the interruption of the evolution of IR in China in the early 1950s and the specific power-knowledge interaction mode established in Chinese IR in the late 1950s are the two main causes responsible for the absence of pre-1949 Chinese IR in the history of the IR discipline in China. Adapted from the source document.

To provide researchers with a systematic reference on initial contact with working memory and creativity, we elucidated an essential bibliometric analysis of publications based on the Web of Science database. Results were as follows: (a) Related research started in 2003 and entered
a period of rapid development since 2013, with more than 20 articles published annually; (b) Roger E. Beaty and Benedek Mathias had the most publications, while Ryuta Kawashima, Hikaru Takeuchi, and Yasuyuki Taki had the most extensive cooperation with others; (c) only 9 out of 527 organizations
had formed locally finite cooperative networks; and (d) eight major research popular topics were identified: creativity, cognition, memory, working memory, performance, fMRI, cognitive control, and brain. Enhancing the study of the neural mechanisms of working memory and creativity through
fMRI or functional connectivity is of great significance so that we can understand how brain regions interact not only with brain regions that are directly connected structurally but also with those that are not structurally connected.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies on the association between temperature and preeclampsia mainly considered temperature on a monthly or seasonal time scale. The objective of this study was to assess the preeclampsia risk associated with short-term temperature exposure using daily data. STUDY DESIGN: Daily preeclampsia hospitalization data, daily meteorological data and daily air pollutant data from Nanjing were collected from 2016 to 2017. Both the T test and distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) were applied to assess the short-term effect of temperature on preeclampsia risk. Three kinds of daily temperature, including the daily mean temperature, daily minimum temperature and daily maximum temperature, were analysed. RESULTS: When the daily number of preeclampsia hospital admissions was divided into two subgroups based on temperature, it was significantly larger on cold days than on hot days. Regarding the mean temperature, a very low level of mean temperature (4.5 °C, lag = 0–20) and a low level of mean temperature (9.1 °C, lag = 0–20) increased the cumulative relative risk of preeclampsia by more than 60%. At the same time, a very high level of mean temperature (28.7 °C, lags = 0–10, 0–15, 0–20) and a high level of mean temperature (24.1 °C, lags = 0–10, 0–15) decreased the cumulative relative risk of preeclampsia by more than 35%. At a minimum temperature, a very low level of minimum temperature (0.9 °C, lag 0–5) and a low level of minimum temperature (5.6 °C, lag 0–5) increased the cumulative relative risk of preeclampsia by more than 55%. At the same time, a high level of mean temperature (20.9 °C, lags = 0, 0–5) decreased the cumulative relative risk of preeclampsia by more than 20%. The maximum temperature result was similar to the mean temperature result. CONCLUSIONS: Both direct and lag effects of low temperature on preeclampsia were demonstrated to be significant risk factors. These results could be used to help pregnant women and the government reduce preeclampsia risk. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The ...