Suchergebnisse

AbstractResearch on neighborhood effects has focused largely on residential neighborhoods, but people are exposed to many other places in the course of their daily lives—at school, at work, when shopping, and so on. Thus, studies of residential neighborhoods consider only a subset of the social-spatial environment affecting individuals. In this article, we examine the characteristics of adults' "activity spaces"—spaces defined by locations that individuals visit regularly—in Los Angeles County, California. Using geographic information system (GIS) methods, we define activity spaces in two ways and estimate their socioeconomic characteristics. Our research has two goals. First, we determine whether residential neighborhoods represent the social conditions to which adults are exposed in the course of their regular activities. Second, we evaluate whether particular groups are exposed to a broader or narrower range of social contexts in the course of their daily activities. We find that activity spaces are substantially more heterogeneous in terms of key social characteristics, compared to residential neighborhoods. However, the characteristics of both home neighborhoods and activity spaces are closely associated with individual characteristics. Our results suggest that most people experience substantial segregation across the range of spaces in their daily lives, not just at home.

Abstract We examine ethnic differences in objective and perceived economic well‐being in rural Guatemala. The evidence shows that long‐standing ethnic differentials in objective indicators of household economic well‐being actually widened between 1988 and 1995, a period characterized by rapid economic growth rates. We examine the effects of a major determinant of household economic well‐being in rural Guatemala, educational attainment, in accounting for ethnic and language differentials in household consumption. Our results show that returns to education appear to be substantially lower for indigenous households, especially indigenous households where the head of household does not speak Spanish. Ethnic differentials in perceived economic well‐being do not strictly parallel differences in objective indicators of well‐being. Indigenous women with any education are more likely to report relative economic deprivation than are non‐indigenous women, or ladinas, controlling for objective measures of household wealth.

In this paper we examine the experience of one poor country, Guatemala, that provided childhood immunization partly through a major national campaign, and provided pregnancyrelated services through government health facilities, during the 1980s. Specifically, we compare the breadth of coverage of these two types of services using national sample survey data collected in 1987. We then draw upon results of previous qualitative studies to explore the social, cultural, and organizational factors that may account for differences between the use of immunization and the use of pregnancy-related health services.

En este artículo se examina la experiencia de Guatemala en la provisión de inmunización infantil hecha parcialmente por una campaña nacional de vacunación, y en la provisión de servicios de salud relacionados con el embarazo por un sistema de entidades gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, durante los años ochenta. Los resultados muestran que los programas de salud basados predominantemente en campañas alcanzan con frecuencia a más sectores de la población en comparación a los servicios previstos por clínicas. Específicamente, los diferencias en el uso de servicios relacionados con el embarazo son más grandes por etnicidad individual, etnicidad de la comunidad, distancia de una clínica, y distancia de la ciudad de Guatemala, en comparación a la cobertura del programa de vacunación.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la estabilidad en el tiempo de las uniones conyugales en México y su relación con algunos factores sociodemográficos. Se utiliza la información que presenta la Encuesta Mexicana de Fecundidad de 1976, sobre los siguientes aspectos: el tipo o naturaleza de la unión al momento de su formación; la edad de la mujer a la primera unión; la presencia o no de fecundidad premarital; el grado de escolaridad de la mujer; la experiencia o inexperiencia ocupacional previa a la unión, y la condición rural-urbana que subyace al proceso de socialización de la mujer. Entre los hallazgos más importantes del trabajo destaca que las primeras uniones urbanas presentan mayores probabilidades de terminar por divorcio o separación que las rurales y semiurbanas. Asimismo, se señala la presencia de un incremento real en el tiempo de las probabilidades de disolución, lo cual lleva a la autora a plantear que en México empieza a observarse un debilitamiento de la cohesión conyugal en las uniones más jóvenes

Focused on the subtle interaction between children's well-being and the neighborhoods in which they grow up, this title consider the age of the community's residents, their incomes, and residential turnover in the neighborhood, all of which are thought to be important for children

Approximately 5% to 6% of grandchildren and 10% of grandparents live in grandparent-grandchild households at any point in time. The proportion of children living with grandparents appears to have remained relatively stable over time. In this article, the authors critically review previous research on the determinants of grandparent care for grandchildren. This research suggests that grandparent care generally is precipitated by need or problems experienced by parents. However, the determinants of custodial care (in which grandparents become sole caretakers) and of coresidence (three-generation households) are quite different. Custodial care generally occurs when parents are no longer able or willing to take care of their children. Coresidence more commonly is associated with the middle generation's problems with living independently or with transition among roles.