Suchergebnisse

The land, labor, credit, and trading institutions of Marmara village, in Hausaland, northern Nigeria, are detailed in this study through fieldwork conducted in two national economic cycles - the petroleum-boom prosperity (in 1977-1979), and the macro-economic decline (in 1985, 1996 and 1998). The book unveils a new paradigm of economic change in the West African savannah, demonstrating how rural accumulation in a polygynous society actually limits the extent of inequality while at the same time promoting technical change. A uniquely African non-capitalist trajectory of accumulation subordinates the acquisition of capital to the expansion of polygynous families, clientage networks, and circles of trading friends. The whole trajectory is driven by an indigenous ethics of personal responsibility. This model disputes the validity of both Marxian theories of capitalist transformation in Africa and the New Institutional Economics

Clough examines the social relations of the internal marketing of one crop in the northern part of Nigeria, guineacorn, through case studies of rural traders. He examines the relationships between traders of varying degrees of wealth and political power, the manner and extent of profit‐making in the purchase and sale of peasant produce, and the particular social rules governing the interaction between the different levels of trader in guineacorn.
The area of field‐work carried out between 1976 and 1979 embraced Malumfashi Division in the southern part of the Katsina Emirate, in Kaduna State; Danbatta weekly market, about 40 miles north of Kano City; and occasionally, the grain markets of Sokoto City and of Mai Aduwa, on the border between Nigeria and Niger. The research had a four‐fold focus: firstly, the production and marketing of guineacorn in the hamlet of Marmara, eight miles from Malumfashi town: secondly, the grain trade in the weekly market of Kankara town, 22 miles north of Malumfashi, and the bi‐weekly market of Yargoje village; thirdly, the retailing of guineacorn transported from Marmara hamlet in Danbatta market; and finally, the wholesale transfer of guineacorn between traders in these markets and also Sokoto and Mai Aduwa, much of it intended for Niger. It was a study of inter‐rural marketing between the grain‐surplus region of southern Katsina and grain‐deficit regions to the north. Clough's case studies describe four trading relationships in the private, commercial marketing of grain: the relationship between a Hausa/Fulani aristocrat and Hausa rural trader; relations between urban merchants and an inter‐village wholesaler living in the countryside; the connection between the inter‐village wholesaler and a hamlet wholesaler; and between the inter‐village wholesaler and a retailer in Danbatta market.

Die Vermarktung von Getreide (Fallbeispiel Guinea-corn) ist eingebunden in ein vielschichtiges Netzwerk sozialer Beziehungen und Verpflichtungen (z.B. Vermarktung entlang verwandschaftlicher Linien). Dieser Marktmechanismus ist somit ein personalisierter und kein anonymer. (DÜI-Spe)

There is growing evidence that search engines produce results that are socially biased, reinforcing a view of the world that aligns with prevalent social stereotypes. One means to promote greater transparency of search algorithms - which are typically complex and proprietary - is to raise user awareness of biased result sets. However, to date, little is known concerning how users perceive bias in search results, and the degree to which their perceptions differ and/or might be predicted based on user attributes. One particular area of search that has recently gained attention, and forms the focus of this study, is image retrieval and gender bias. We conduct a controlled experiment via crowdsourcing using participants recruited from three countries to measure the extent to which workers perceive a given image results set to be subjective or objective. Demographic information about the workers, along with measures of sexism, are gathered and analysed to investigate whether (gender) biases in the image search results can be detected. Amongst other findings, the results confirm that sexist people are less likely to detect and report gender biases in image search results. ; This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 739578 and under Grant Agreement No 732328 and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination and Development. © Author. © ACM 2018. This is the accepted version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in Proceedings of SIGIR 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3209978.3210094, Jahna Otterbacher, Alessandro Checco, Gianluca Demartini, and Paul Clough, "Investigating user perception of gender bias in image search: the role of sexism".In SIGIR '18- The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval. ...

We describe a novel user evaluation study on the value of people's personal meeting notes for a question‐answering task involving meeting data taken from the Augmented Multiparty Interaction (AMI) corpus. A survey on task perceptions and note‐taking strategies in meetings was also conducted. The results suggest that written notes taken by multiple meeting participants contain the majority of the most informative meeting information and are thus likely to support information systems that employ automatic meeting understanding and summarisation. The users were able to achieve 79% and 76% accuracy in the task with handwritten and typed notes respectively as information source. Contrary to that, they scored 36% accuracy only using short extracts from the meeting speech and 98% correctness using abstractive human model summaries. The survey showed that people are generally very experienced with attending meetings and note‐taking and usually record the most important meeting events in a concise way. This provides evidence for the fact that personal notes are suitable as keywords and indices into a meeting recording. In general, task results correlated positively with perceived success. Users liked well‐structured abstractive human reference summaries but found meeting speech extracts difficult to work with. However, they also disliked the appearance of the notes, in particular the fact that the handwritten ones were hard to read. This emphasises the need for the development of innovative handwriting recognition methods and user interfaces that employ new presentation techniques, for example, key area highlighting. Meeting participants would also benefit from corporate training for better communication and note‐taking skills. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We are witnessing a movement towards Democratizing AI, with a wide variety of tools, platforms and data sources becoming accessible to more people. This movement is said to be fueling innovation, extending the capabilities of individuals and organizations, by making the creation and application of AI easier. However, beyond the hype, there is a need to understand what this trend means for various stakeholders. Through the lens of socio-political democracy, this chapter examines the democratization of AI. We find that the present state of the "AI Democracy" maps onto only one of three elements of a democracy. Current efforts focus primarily on providing people with the tools and technical infrastructure needed to participate in AI, but not in protecting their freedoms and access to social benefits, which are the other core elements of democracy. We discuss the possibilities for realizing a broader AI democracy, along with the anticipated challenges.

AbstractParaphrase types have been proposed by researchers as the paraphrasing mechanisms underlying acts of plagiarism. Synonymous substitution, word reordering and insertion/deletion have been identified as some of the common paraphrasing strategies used by plagiarists. However, similarity reports generated by most plagiarism detection systems provide a similarity score and produce matching sections of text with their possible sources. In this research we propose methods to identify two important paraphrase types – synonymous substitution and word reordering in paraphrased, plagiarised sentence pairs. We propose a three staged approach that uses context matching and pretrained word embeddings for identifying synonymous substitution and word reordering. Our proposed approach indicates that the use of Smith Waterman Algorithm for Plagiarism Detection and ConceptNet Numberbatch pretrained word embeddings produces the best performance in terms of $$\hbox {F}_1$$

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scores. This research can be used to complement similarity reports generated by currently available plagiarism detection systems by incorporating methods to identify paraphrase types for plagiarism detection.

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40087-2_6 ; The development of models for automatic detection of text re-use and plagiarism across languages has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the lack of an evaluation framework composed of annotated datasets has caused these efforts to be isolated. In this paper we present the CL!TR 2011 corpus, the first manually created corpus for the analysis of cross-language text re-use between English and Hindi. The corpus was used during the Cross-Language !ndian Text Re-Use Detection Competition. Here we overview the approaches applied the contestants and evaluate their quality when detecting a re-used text together with its source. ; This research work is partially funded by the WIQ-EI (IRSES grant n. 269180)and ACCURAT (grant n. 248347) projects, and the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n. 246016 from the European Union. The first author was partially funded by the CONACyT-Mexico 192021 grant and currently works under the ERCIM "Alain Bensoussan" Fellowship Programme. The research of the second author is in the framework of the VLC/Campus Microcluster on Multimodal Interaction in Intelligent Systems and partially funded by the MICINN research project TEXT-ENTERPRISE 2.0 TIN2009-13391-C04-03 (plan I+D+i). The research from AU-KBC Centre is supported by the Cross Lingual Information Access (CLIA) Phase II Project. ; Barrón Cedeño, LA.; Rosso ., P.; Sobha, LD.; Clough ., P.; Stevenson ., M. (2013). PAN@FIRE: Overview of the cross-language !ndian Text re-use detection competition. En Multilingual Information Access in South Asian Languages. Springer Verlag (Germany). 7536:59-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40087-2_6 ; S ; 59 ; 70 ; 7536 ; Addanki, K., Wu, D.: An Evaluation of MT Alignment Baseline Approaches upon Cross-Lingual Plagiarism Detection. In: FIRE [12] ; Aggarwal, N., Asooja, K., Buitelaar, P.: Cross Lingual Text Reuse Detection Using Machine Translation & ...