Suchergebnisse

El Estado Autonómico ha sido una continua fuente de polémicas y de debates desde que se empezara a debatir la Constitución. Su naturaleza se ha sometido a numerosas presiones de diferentes sentidos y desde distintos ámbitos. El presente trabajo, traza el perfil de los apoyos que tiene esta forma de organización del Estado. Para ello empleamos los barómetros autonómicos elaborados por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas que son la principal fuente de información disponible. A partir de los mismos determinamos los grupos de población que constituyen sus principales apoyos y qué características tienen. ; The State of Autonomies has generated controversies and debates since the inception of the discussion of the Spanish Constitution. Its nature has-been subjected to many different directions and pressures from areas. This paper outlines the profile of the supports to this form of organization of the State and the way it has evolved over the crisis. To this end, article theoretically focus theisissue and concludes that the studies that characterize, in a descriptive way, support for on this Autonomous State in Spain are very scarce and this happens even despite ongoing debates that generated its existence and how it works. For this purpose the Regional Barometers developed by the Center for Sociological Research are used. These surveys are the main source of information available. We use the latest available waves (2010-2012) latest can be compared. We base our work on the answers given to the question referred to the form of the preferred state organization in Spain. Specifically, we have analyzed in depth the answer "A state with autonomous regions as today". Additionally, we have also studied aggregation of the three responses that accept the Autonomous Communities even in a broad sense, considering both an increase and a reduction of powers they currently have. They help us with establishing the population groups that support the State of Autonomies, as well as some features that favor this form of government or run against it. To conduct this study, we proceed to make a descriptive analysis of the data in the first part of the article to study Autonomous State support in various population groups. In this study, we classify population by gender, age, place of residence, education level, Autonomous Community of residence or vote recall in the last election. In addition, we also consider the time evolution of such support. In a second part, we incorporate the econometric analysis to study these same issues. Thus, we get to perform an accurate description of factors that favor such support. At the same time, we get a quantitative measure of the importance of each of these elements. Logistic regression, also called logit model, is used because endogenous variables are dichotomous. Different models are estimated using sequential aggregations of variables to test estimated coefficients robustness and variation thereof. Explanatory variables included in the estimated models capture social and economic situations of individuals. Specifically, we have estimated models controlling for age and gender, education level, religion level, ideology, residence in rural or urban areas, public employee status and vote recall in the case of Autonomies Communities that tend to vote nationalist parties by majority. The main results obtained in the work are as follows. As regards the descriptive data analysis, Autonomous State as form of government remains as the main option, however we find a very important overall reduction in support. This decline is quantified in twelve percentage points. By population groups, support is higher among men than among women and tends to decrease with age; although the greatest reduction occurred among younger people. In general, supports tend to decrease with educational level. The biggest reduction in support has been experienced among people living in urban areas. While in 2010 there were no differences with rural areas, two years after, support in large cities had been reduced in an important way. Autonomous Community of residence is another factor that explains important differences in support for Autonomous State. There has been a significant reduction in all with the exception of the Basque Country. This fall becomes 35 percentage points in the case of residents of Autonomous Community of Murcia. Ideology is another factor that contributes to satisfaction with Autonomous State. Individuals with center-left-wing views are the most supporters of this form of state organization. Additionally, support drops when people move across the ideological spectrum towards a rightward direction. Vote in former elections confirms this find. Support among PSOE voters in former general elections increase, and also highlights significant setback experienced among PP and UPyD voters. On the other hand, Autonomous support becomes almost testimonial or non-existent among voters of Catalan nationalist parties, CiU and ERC. Finally, voters of PNV are the only ones that increased support for this form of government. Having described statistically props, the econometric analysis allows debugging these results. Likewise, it also allows inferring ultimate effects of each of explanatory factors. In this sense, the main obtained results are as follows: a) the estimated coefficients are quite robust. b) Economic crisis has caused a significant reduction in the support. The analysis quantifies the impact by 34% c) there is a lesser support level among men, older people and residents in rural areas. Econometric analysis finds evidence that educational level is not an important feature when explaining Autonomous support. The outcome is different to what is expected after descriptive approach. Public employees give preference to Autonomous State lesser extent than other groups and we can confirm the significant differences that exist between regions. Galician, Andalusians and residents in Foral CCAA support greater extent than the rest of the country. Most of the rejection to this form of government in Catalonia and the Basque Country is limited to nationalist parties' voters, however in the latter case; there is significant support for the system. Econometric analysis also confirms a greater support among center-left wing people. Finally, we study Autonomous State from a broad perspective. The estimated results are not significantly different from the former case; however residence in rural areas is no longer an explanatory aspect. Canarias now make up the group of CCAA where there is strong support for Autonomous State and reside in Catalonia no longer reduces the supports. Centrist voters, in a very broad sense, are those who support the system and have been PNV voter is not an issue that adversely affect in supporting Autonomous State broadly.

Existing commercial parabolic trough power plants use thermal oil as a heat transfer fluid, with working temperatures in the region of 400 °C. In order to achieve more efficient generating systems, a second generation of parabolic troughs that operate at temperatures higher than 400 °C is being developed. One possibility Abengoa Solar is assessing is the use of direct steam generation (DSG) inside parabolic troughs in order to achieve higher temperatures; in a first stage heating up to 450 °C and in a second stage heating up to 550 °C. For the future market potential of parabolic trough power plants with DSG, it is beneficial to integrate thermal energy storage (TES) systems. Different TES options based on the most known technologies, steam accumulators, molten salts (MS), and phase change materials (PCM), are presented and compared in this paper. This comparison shows as main conclusion of the study that a combined system based on PCM-MS has a clear advantage in the ratio with 6 or more equivalent hours of storage, while with lower than 6 h, steam accumulators are considered the best option. ; The work partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)). Prof. Luisa F. Cabeza would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2014 SGR 123). This project has received funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) under Grant agreement N°PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 657466 (INPATH-TES).

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems are key components of concentrating solar power plants in order to offer energy dispatchability to adapt the electricity power production to the curve demand. Nitrate molten salts are the storage media used today in concentrated solar power plants. They are also used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the molten salt tower (MST) technology. Traditional MST plants work in the temperature range of 240-565 °C using the so-called solar salt, a mixture of 60-40 wt% of NaNO3 and KNO3. This study wants to optimize the thermal energy storage cost of the solar concentration technology by analysing different mixtures of solar salts, using different percentages of NaNO3 and KNO3 in the mixture. The new mixtures seek a reduction in the cost of the storage material while optimizing its physical and chemical properties. The study shows how an increase in the proportion of sodium nitrate for a new binary solar salt to 78-22 wt%, produces an increase in the heat capacity of the mixture by reducing the necessary inventory of salts in the system. However, the new salt presents an increase in the melting point, going from 240 °C to 279 °C, which makes the operation of the system difficult. The impact on the cost of this optimization in the performance of a commercial plant was analysed. The plant chosen to evaluate the impact is a tower technology plant with 85 MWe power and 13 h of storage. The study shows a LCOE reduction of up to 0.6% for the new mixture with higher sodium nitrate. ; The work is partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)). Dr. Cabeza would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to her research group GREiA (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia.

This paper seeks to determine which workers affected by lockdown measures can return to work when a government decides to apply lockdown exit strategies. This system, which we call Sequential Selective Multidimensional Decision (SSMD), involves deciding sequentially, by geographical areas, sectors of activity, age groups and immunity, which workers can return to work at a given time according to the epidemiological criteria of the country as well as that of a group of reference countries, used as a benchmark, that have suffered a lower level of lockdown de-escalation strategies. We apply SSMD to Spain, based on affiliation to the Social Security system prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and conclude that 98.37% of the population could be affected. The proposed system makes it possible to accurately identify the target population for serological IgG antibody tests in the work field, as well as those affected by special income replacement measures due to lockdown being maintained over a longer period.

En este trabajo resumimos parte de los resultados de una investigación sobre la reordenación que producen las transferencias en la financiación de los gobiernos subcentrales. Ante todo, se constata que la reordenación no plantea problemas en el ámbito de la financiación federal, aunque en España y Alemania la reordenación ha irrumpido de forma tangencial y operando como límite parcial a la nivelación. Se ha realizado un repaso de los indicadores de medición de la reordenación en otros ámbitos de la literatura económica y se ha adaptado para su aplicación en la financiación federal mediante un ejercicio comparativo de cinco países federales de referencia internacional, incluido nuestro país. ; In this work are summarized the results of a research on the reranking that the transfers produce in the financing system of the subcentral governments. First of all, we note that the reranking does not pose problems in the area of the federal financing, though in Spain and Germany the reranking has emerged of tangential form and operating as partial limit to the equalization. There has been achieved a revision of the indicators of measurement of the reranking in other areas of the economic literature and has been adapted for his application in the federal financing by means of a comparative exercise of five federal countries of international reference, included our country.

El trabajo realiza una estimación de la balanza fiscal de la Junta de andalucía para el año 2001 con las provincias andaluzas. Para ello se ha desarrollado una metodología heredera de la ya dilatada tradición de cálculos de balanzas fiscales del Estado con las comunidades autónomas que incluye una pormenorizada descripción de las hipótesis de incidencia de ingresos y gastos que sigue las líneas generales usuales a este tipo de trabajos. En este trabajo se incluyen algunas novedades metodológicas como son la inclusión del análisis del sector público empresarial, un tratamiento novedoso de las transferencias recibidas por la administración Pública andaluza y un análisis de los resultados obtenidos en los cálculos. ; This paper performs an estimation of the "Junta de andalucía" fiscal flow with the andalusian provinces in 2001. In order to do that, we have developed a methodology that agrees with the fiscal flows' usual estimations of the state with the autonomous communities. This methodology contains a detailed description of the incidence assumptions of receipts and expenditures that follows the habitual tradition. our paper also incorporates some methodological changes like the incorporation of the state-owned companies, a new treatment state grants to the "Junta de andalucía" and an analysis of the obtained outcome in the calculation