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27 Pág. This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management. ; Bulk density for shrubs and tree crowns is an important variable, useful for many purposes, namely estimations for biomass and carbon sequestration and potential fire behavior prediction. In the latter case, bulk density is required to predict the rate of spread and intensity of crown fires. However, bulk density information is scarce. The estimation of bulk density is crucial to help choosing proper pyrosilviculture options to decrease fire susceptibility. Due to the similar environmental conditions and fuel characteristics in Portugal and Spain, we modelled bulk density for the most common woody species in all the Iberian Peninsula. We used 10 different shrub type formations and a set of tree species or groups common to both countries. Equations for bulk density, in both forest canopy and understory layers, were fitted as a function of biometric variables commonly used in forest inventories for the selected species. Standardized estimates of bulk density can be associated with data from the National Forest Inventories from Portugal and Spain, to estimate biomass of the forest ecosystems and to evaluate potential fire behavior involving tree canopies and shrubs. ; This research was funded from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, DIABOLO project "Distributed, integrated and harmonized forest information for bioeconomy outlooks", EU Grant Agreement no. 633464, and from the EXTREME project "Influence of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) on the extreme behavior of forest fires" (PCIF/GFC/0078/2018), Foundation for Science and Technology. This research was also funded by the National Institute of Agricultural Research of Spain (INIA) through project RTA2017-00042-C05-02, co-funded by FEDER. ; Peer reviewed

22 Pags.- 3 Tabls.- 5 Figs. This open access article is distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license and is freely available online at: http://le.uwpress.org. ; The authors thank the Regional Government of Andalusia and the Agency for Water and Environment in Andalusia for their financial and field work support for the project Total social income and capital of Andalusian Forest (RECAMAN, contract NET165602). Paola Ovando acknowledges the support of the European Commission under the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship Programme (PIEF2013621940) ; Peer reviewed

19 Pags.- 5 Figs.- 5 Tabls. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Under a Creative Commons license Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). ; National accounting either ignores or fails to give due values to the ecosystem services, products, incomes and environmental assets of a country. To overcome these shortcomings, we apply spatially-explicit extended accounts that incorporate a novel environmental income indicator, which we test in the forests of Andalusia (Spain). Extended accounts incorporate nine farmer activities (timber, cork, firewood, nuts, livestock grazing, conservation forestry, hunting, residential services and private amenity) and seven government activities (fire services, free access recreation, free access mushroom, carbon, landscape conservation, threatened biodiversity and water yield). To make sure the valuation remains consistent with standard accounts, we simulate exchange values for non-market final forest product consumption in order to measure individual ecosystem services and environmental income indicators. Manufactured capital and environmental assets are also integrated. When comparing extended to standard accounts, our results are 3.6 times higher for gross value added. These differences are explained primarily by the omission in the standard accounts of carbon activities and undervaluation of private amenity, free access recreation, landscape and threatened biodiversity ecosystem services. Extended accounts measure a value of Andalusian forest ecosystem services 5.4 times higher than that measured using the valuation criteria of standard accounts. ; This RECAMAN project research has received financial support from Agency of Environment and Water (AMAYA); Department of Environment and Territory Planning (CMAYOT) (contract No NET165602). ; Peer reviewed