Suchergebnisse

Two articles in this issue deal with subcontinental planning, both very topical in our present planning milieu. The articles by Mr. Robinson is a very clearly written rational view of the planning strategy which, inter alia, directly concerns the emerging national states of South Africa. This topic is usually clouded with political emotionalism: it is therefore refreshing and enlightening to read a scientifically based and well-referenced view by a rising academician.

The Federal Republic consists of eight states, each of which existed in a sovereign state prior to Germany's unification in the last half of the last century. Three of the states consist of the old Hansastede Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg, each with the full status of a federal state. In each federal state there are several ranges of subordinate authorities, arranged hierarchically of province (Bezirk), district (Kreise), and ward (Gemeinde). In the latter - comparable to the English county or European municipalities - there may be some villages, some of which also enjoy government status. This format, inherited from past centuries when communications were convenient and decentralized authority essential, seem totally unnecessary today. Each of the bodies has its own planning and administration functions. This article refers to the national level of government as the federal level while referring to the component states as federal states.*This article is written in Afrikaans.

In order to save costs, this edition uses a new cheaper process of reproduction. Hopefully, it will not adversely affect the quality of the magazine. Usually, we need to recruit articles from special authors on particular relevant topics, because there are very rare voluntary contributions from the readerskring. With this we would like to invite you friend to contribute to the magazine. The articleshould be about a practical project that the writer himself dealt with or an original concept or new contribution to the planning field.Because of the topicality of the South West African issue a special effort was made to obtain a contribution from the planning office of the South West African Administration dealing primarily with the people of the country. For some years now regional planning procedures and development plans in developing areas have received the main emphasis in the majority of regional planning offices in South Africa.In the National Physical Development Plan no reference is made to this particular field. Hopefully this initial publication of the Department of Planning and the En vironment will be followed up in the foreseeable future by moredetailed information on the administration and planning procedures within each of the planning regions. The article on planning legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany may have some relevance to this particular field of interest.

So-called regional planning is carried out by many people and institutions at enormous cost to manpower and state funds. However, it appears that most of the reports stemming from these surveys are in the hands of academics and officials where they are forgotten without actually making any contribution. deliver to the development process. In this era of overwhelming paperwork, they only contribute to paper pollution through indigestible and useless statistics. This situation causes two questions. On the one hand, is there any realism in the approach of the planning researcher to his function? In response to this, regional planning should be reevaluated as part of the planning process for the entire spectrum of development. On the other hand, do I handle and finance the necessary liaison between regional planners and the contracting bodies that measure the infrastructure and other required projects? So far, the planner has been removed from government departments such as Water Affairs, the Provincial Departments including Education, Health Services and others, as well as utility companies such as Evkom.*This article is written in Afrikaans.

Urban food strategies are increasingly being used as means to address a multitude of challenges presented by food system failings. The use of participatory approaches has become common practice in the field of urban food systems planning. These approaches are believed to democratize, legitimize and increase effectiveness of addressing challenges. Despite these "promises", they have also been viewed as problematic for being unbalanced and lacking accountability. This paper sets out to compare the creation and use of new participatory spaces in two initiatives in two European cities in their on-going attempts to formulate urban food strategies through multi-actor processes. This is explored through operationalisation of two key concepts essential to participatory approaches: participation and accountability. As such, the paper addresses how participatory processes for urban food strategies can be conceptualised when policy making involves the interplay of actors, knowledges and spaces. We conclude that within the two cases, ample attention is given to get a cross-section of the types of participants involved, while accountability is an aspect still under-represented. Based on the two cases, we argue that incorporation of accountability in particular will be instrumental in the development and implementation of more mature urban food strategies. However, it is essential for participatory processes to not completely break from more "traditional" policy processes, at risk of limiting progress in strategy development and deployment

This case study-based research was influenced by the growing movement of UK municipalities joining the Sustainable Food Cities (SFC) Network and developing food policies. This comes at a time of "growing tensions between global and local dynamics of food". The national devolution of power to UK municipalities has resulted in Local Authorities (LAs) joining forces with Civil Society (CS) groups out of mutual need at a time of over £700 million in cuts to local public health funding and social services over the last decade [1,2]. Recognition of diverse skillsets, networks, access to funding as well as formal power for policy change highlight these mutually beneficial partnership arrangement at a time where cities are being seen as drivers of change for social policy [3]. As an examination of local food policy development, this work examined five cases from within the SFC network (Bath and Northeast Somerset (BNES), the cities of Bristol, Belfast, and the counties of Durham and Devon). These cases represent three different coalition structures, ranging from council/public authority-led to civil society-led and a hybrid partnership. This research examined how the concept of sustainability and local food production were understood and linked to one another by Civil Society (CS) and Local Authority (LA) actors to achieve local objectives. Based on the idea that policies and programs reflect the "translated beliefs" of those actors involved in the policy development process [4], this research compared interview material and the content of the local food strategy as a process output. Acknowledging the role of power as one that is central to policy research [5], the cases were examined according to their governance structures, to illustrate how power was concentrated and exercised within these partnerships. Ultimately, this had significant bearing on how sustainability and local food production content were presented in the documents and framed for the audience.

Although various government and regulatory organisations have identified practices that may enhance patient safety, there is little empirical or theoretical research to inform the decisions of healthcare leaders seeking to create patient safety programmes within their hospitals and clinics. In order to understand the challenges facing hospital and health system executives, we describe the experience of the Executive Session on Patient Safety. The executives identified five major problems in leading patient safety: 1) how should executives structure their organisations to deliver safe care? 2) how should executives monitor and measure their organisation's safety performance? 3) how should executives spread and sustain patient safety innovation? 4) how should executives manage the relationship with the external environment? and 5) how should executives manage their own behaviour in order to lead for safety? The organisational infrastructure needed for safer care is being developed by practitioners out in the field as a matter of necessity. Strengthening the scientific basis for organisational leadership in patient safety is a vital but neglected area of study.

To combat the e-cigarette epidemic among young audiences, a federal law was passed in the US that raised the minimum legal sales age of tobacco to 21 years (commonly known as Tobacco 21). Little is known about sentiment toward this law. Thus, the purpose of our study was to systematically explore trends about Tobacco 21 discussions and comparisons to other age-restriction behaviors on Twitter. Twitter data (n = 4628) were collected from September to December of 2019 that were related to Tobacco 21. A random subsample of identified tweets was used to develop a codebook. Two trained coders independently coded all data, with strong inter-rater reliability (κ = 0.71 to 0.93) found for all content categories. Associations between sentiment and content categories were calculated using χ(2) analyses. Among relevant tweets (n = 955), the most common theme—the disjunction between ages for military enlistment and tobacco use—was found in 17.8% of all tweets. Anti-policy sentiment was strongly associated with the age of military enlistment, alcohol, voting, and adulthood (p < 0.001 for all). Opposition to Tobacco 21 propagates on social media because the US federal law does not exempt military members. However, the e-cigarette epidemic may have fueled some support for this law.

To combat the e-cigarette epidemic among young audiences, a federal law was passed in the US that raised the minimum legal sales age of tobacco to 21 years (commonly known as Tobacco 21). Little is known about sentiment toward this law. Thus, the purpose of our study was to systematically explore trends about Tobacco 21 discussions and comparisons to other age-restriction behaviors on Twitter. Twitter data (n = 4628) were collected from September to December of 2019 that were related to Tobacco 21. A random subsample of identified tweets was used to develop a codebook. Two trained coders independently coded all data, with strong inter-rater reliability (κ = 0.71 to 0.93) found for all content categories. Associations between sentiment and content categories were calculated using χ2 analyses. Among relevant tweets (n = 955), the most common theme—the disjunction between ages for military enlistment and tobacco use—was found in 17.8% of all tweets. Anti-policy sentiment was strongly associated with the age of military enlistment, alcohol, voting, and adulthood (p < 0.001 for all). Opposition to Tobacco 21 propagates on social media because the US federal law does not exempt military members. However, the e-cigarette epidemic may have fueled some support for this law.

Purpose: To identify reasons that college students use JUUL and explore associations between reasons for using JUUL and social and behavioral (tobacco use) factors. Design: On-line, cross-sectional survey. Setting: Large southwestern university in the US. Subjects: Undergraduate students (n = 605) who owned JUUL and used it weekly. Measures: The study measured age of JUUL initiation, JUUL dependence, and use of other e-cigarettes and other tobacco products. Participants described reasons for JUUL use as brief open-ended responses. Analysis: Responses were categorized by 2 researchers using an inductive procedure. Logistic regressions examined associations between demographics and use frequency and categorized reasons for using JUUL. Results: Four reasons for using JUUL emerged: self-help (48.4%), social (30.4%), experience (42.8%), and substance use/addiction (42.3%). Daily JUUL users were 1.66 (95% CI: 1.05-2.63) times as likely to use JUUL for self-help than those who used JUUL 1-3 days/week. Those who had never tried a cigarette were twice (OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.22-3.54) as likely as cigarette-first users to use JUUL for social reasons. Males (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.32-2.65) had higher odds of using JUUL for the experience than females, and JUUL and other e-cigarettes users were 4.37 (95% CI: 1.83-10.45) times as likely as JUUL-only users to use JUUL due to substance use/addiction. Conclusion: JUUL users report unique reasons for use (e.g., addiction) not previously reported for older models of e-cigarette devices.