Suchergebnisse

Bathing water quality standards are based on international standards and legislations. However, in Europe, only the microbiological parameters are to be accomplished. Recent research has focused on chemical indicators that can determine human fecal contaminants in water. Therefore, the suitability of caffeine as a chemical marker of seawater pollution in the north Portuguese coastal area in the Atlantic Ocean during the bathing season was assessed in this study. The quality of water from the coasts of five cities was monitored. 101 seawater samples were collected from 14 beaches, and their water quality was classified as sufficient, good, and excellent. Caffeine was detected in all samples in concentration range of 18 to 525ng/L. The highest average concentration of caffeine was found in seawater samples collected in July from beaches classified as having sufficient water quality, which were located in cities with high population density and high tourist affluence. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The purpose of this study was to compare three different extraction methods (two based on ethanol extraction and one on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERs) method) to assess the possible addition of psychopharmaceutical drugs (fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, trazodone, and diazepam) as adulterants in St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) based plant food supplements (PFS). Methodology: Analysis was performed in a Nexera Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (UHPLC) coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LCMS-8030 Shimadzu) with an electrospray ionization source (ESI), operating in positive ion mode, using a Kinetex C18 fused core column (150 × 2.10 mm i.d.; 1.7 m) (Phenomenex). Multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) was selected and pharmaceuticals were quantified by internal standard calibration method. Calibration curves were constructed in the range 10 – 1000 g/L. The three different extraction methods were compared based on the analysis of spiked samples. ; This work received financial support from the European Union (FEDER funds through COMPETE) and National Funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through project EXPL/DTP-SAP/1438/2013 and Pest- C/EQB/LA0006/2013. To all financing sources the authors are greatly indebted. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the last decades, medicinal plants and derived products have become increasingly available on the EU market as components of formulations sold as plant food supplements (PFS). Such products are legally considered as foods under the Directive 2002/46/EC [l] and do not require any kind of authorization to be placed on the market. The legal responsibility for its safety relies on the business operators. Among the several issues that may aíFect the safety of PFS, adulterations including the addition of illegal substances represent an increasing public health concern. In this context, the adulteration by the addition of psychopharmaceuticals should be investigated. Chromatographic methods, especially LC, coupled to various detectors are commonly used for the detection of fraudulent addition of pharmaceuticals in complex mixtures such as PFS. Among them, LC-MS/MS provides accurate and sensitive detectíon ofthe target compounds [2]. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of psychopharmaceutical adulterants namely, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, trazodone, and diazepam in St. Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum) based PFS since this plant and/or extracts are traditionally used for its antidepressive properties. Analysis was performed in a Nexera Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatograph coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LCMS-8030 Shimadzu) with an electrospray ionization source (ESI), operating in positive ion mode, using a Kinetex C18 fused core column (150 x 2.10 mm i.d.; 1.7 [im) (Phenomenex). Multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) was selected and pharmaceuticals were quantified by internai standard calibration method. Prior to analysis PFS samples were extracted with methanol. The methodology was applied to a set of20 St. Johns wort based PFS commercially available in the Portuguese market. ; This work received financiai support from the European Union (FEDER funds through COMPETE) and National Funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through project EXPL/DTPSAP/1438/2013 and Pest-C/EQB/LA0006/2013. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion