Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The paper investigates how endogenous markups affect the extent to which policy reforms can influence international competitiveness. In a two-country model where trade costs allow for international market segmentation, we show that endogenous pricing-to-market behavior of firms acts as an important transmission channel of the policies. By strengthening the degree of competition between firms, product market deregulation at home leads to a reduction in domestic markups, which generally leads to an improvement in the international competitiveness of the Home country. Conversely, the power of competitive tax policy to depreciate the real exchange rate is dampened, as domestic firms take the opportunity of the labor tax cut to increase their markups. The variability of markups also affects the normative implications of the reforms. This indicates the importance of taking into account endogenous pricing-to-market behavior when intending to correctly evaluate the overall effects of the reforms. ; Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les taux de marge, déterminés de manière endogène par les entreprises influencent la capacité des réformes de politique économique à influer sur la compétitivité internationale. Dans un modèle à deux pays où les coûts du commerce permettent une segmentation du marché international, nous montrons que le comportement de tarification endogène des entreprises constitue un important canal de transmission des politiques. En renforçant le degré de concurrence entre les entreprises, la déréglementation des marchés de produits au niveau national entraîne une réduction des marges des entreprises locales, ce qui conduit généralement à une amélioration de la compétitivité internationale du pays d'origine. Inversement, la capacité de la politique d'allègement de la fiscalité directe du travail à déprécier le taux de change réel est atténuée, les entreprises nationales profitant de la réduction de la fiscalité du travail pour augmenter leurs marges. La variabilité des marges ...

International audience ; The paper investigates how endogenous markups affect the extent to which policy reforms can influence international competitiveness. In a two-country model where trade costs allow for international market segmentation, we show that endogenous pricing-to-market behavior of firms acts as an important transmission channel of the policies. By strengthening the degree of competition between firms, product market deregulation at home leads to a reduction in domestic markups, which generally leads to an improvement in the international competitiveness of the Home country. Conversely, the power of competitive tax policy to depreciate the real exchange rate is dampened, as domestic firms take the opportunity of the labor tax cut to increase their markups. The variability of markups also affects the normative implications of the reforms. This indicates the importance of taking into account endogenous pricing-to-market behavior when intending to correctly evaluate the overall effects of the reforms. ; Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les taux de marge, déterminés de manière endogène par les entreprises influencent la capacité des réformes de politique économique à influer sur la compétitivité internationale. Dans un modèle à deux pays où les coûts du commerce permettent une segmentation du marché international, nous montrons que le comportement de tarification endogène des entreprises constitue un important canal de transmission des politiques. En renforçant le degré de concurrence entre les entreprises, la déréglementation des marchés de produits au niveau national entraîne une réduction des marges des entreprises locales, ce qui conduit généralement à une amélioration de la compétitivité internationale du pays d'origine. Inversement, la capacité de la politique d'allègement de la fiscalité directe du travail à déprécier le taux de change réel est atténuée, les entreprises nationales profitant de la réduction de la fiscalité du travail pour augmenter leurs marges. La variabilité des marges a également une incidence sur les implications normatives des réformes. Nos résultats soulignent ainsi l'importance de tenir compte du comportement endogène de fixation des prix des entreprises en vue d'évaluer les effets des réformes.

International audience ; The paper investigates how endogenous markups affect the extent to which policy reforms can influence international competitiveness. In a two-country model where trade costs allow for international market segmentation, we show that endogenous pricing-to-market behavior of firms acts as an important transmission channel of the policies. By strengthening the degree of competition between firms, product market deregulation at home leads to a reduction in domestic markups, which generally leads to an improvement in the international competitiveness of the Home country. Conversely, the power of competitive tax policy to depreciate the real exchange rate is dampened, as domestic firms take the opportunity of the labor tax cut to increase their markups. The variability of markups also affects the normative implications of the reforms. This indicates the importance of taking into account endogenous pricing-to-market behavior when intending to correctly evaluate the overall effects of the reforms. ; Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les taux de marge, déterminés de manière endogène par les entreprises influencent la capacité des réformes de politique économique à influer sur la compétitivité internationale. Dans un modèle à deux pays où les coûts du commerce permettent une segmentation du marché international, nous montrons que le comportement de tarification endogène des entreprises constitue un important canal de transmission des politiques. En renforçant le degré de concurrence entre les entreprises, la déréglementation des marchés de produits au niveau national entraîne une réduction des marges des entreprises locales, ce qui conduit généralement à une amélioration de la compétitivité internationale du pays d'origine. Inversement, la capacité de la politique d'allègement de la fiscalité directe du travail à déprécier le taux de change réel est atténuée, les entreprises nationales profitant de la réduction de la fiscalité du travail pour augmenter leurs marges. La variabilité des marges ...

This paper estimates a business cycle model with endogenous firm entry by matching impulse responses to a monetary policy shock in US data. Our VAR includes net business formation, profits and markups. We evaluate two channels through which entry may influence the monetary transmission process. Through the competition effect, the arrival of new entrants makes the demand for existing goods more elastic, and thus lowers desired markups and prices. Through the variety effect, increased firm and product entry raises consumption utility and thereby lowers the cost of living. This implies higher markups and, through the New Keynesian Phillips Curve, lower inflation. While the proposed model does a good job at matching the observed dynamics, it generates insufficient volatility of markups and profits. Estimates of standard parameters are largely unaffected by the introduction of firm entry. Our results lend support to the variety effect; however, we find no evidence for the competition effect.

This paper investigates the effects of a fiscal stimulus when financial frictions and a liquidity trap are present. These two conditions make a government spending expansion and a reduction in capital income taxes more efficient in stimulating output. In contrast, a reduction in labor income taxes may aggravate the economic conditions. In addition, small implementation delays in government spending may result in big spending multipliers in the short run. All of these results rely partly on the dynamic interaction between inflation and the external finance premium. Lastly, simulations of the ARRA stimulus package predict that the output gains due to the presence of financial frictions may lie between 1.3 % and 2.5 % of GDP.

This paper investigates the effects of a fiscal stimulus when financial frictions and a liquidity trap are present. These two conditions make a government spending expansion and a reduction in capital income taxes more efficient in stimulating output. In contrast, a reduction in labor income taxes may aggravate the economic conditions. In addition, small implementation delays in government spending may result in big spending multipliers in the short run. All of these results rely partly on the dynamic interaction between inflation and the external finance premium. Lastly, simulations of the ARRA stimulus package predict that the output gains due to the presence of financial frictions may lie between 1.3 % and 2.5 % of GDP.

This paper investigates the effects of a fiscal stimulus when financial frictions and a liquidity trap are present. These two conditions make a government spending expansion and a reduction in capital income taxes more efficient in stimulating output. In contrast, a reduction in labor income taxes may aggravate the economic conditions. In addition, small implementation delays in government spending may result in big spending multipliers in the short run. All of these results rely partly on the dynamic interaction between inflation and the external finance premium. Lastly, simulations of the ARRA stimulus package predict that the output gains due to the presence of financial frictions may lie between 1.3 % and 2.5 % of GDP.

This paper investigates the effects of a fiscal stimulus when financial frictions and a liquidity trap are present. These two conditions make a government spending expansion and a reduction in capital income taxes more efficient in stimulating output. In contrast, a reduction in labor income taxes may aggravate the economic conditions. In addition, small implementation delays in government spending may result in big spending multipliers in the short run. All of these results rely partly on the dynamic interaction between inflation and the external finance premium. Lastly, simulations of the ARRA stimulus package predict that the output gains due to the presence of financial frictions may lie between 1.3 % and 2.5 % of GDP.

Dans cet article, nous évaluons le ratio de sacrifice de la zone euro à partir d'une maquette structurelle de petite taille. Cette dernière incorpore des rigidités nominales de prix et de salaire. Nous estimons les paramètres du modèle structurel de façon à minimiser la distance entre les covariances empiriques et les covariances théoriques d'un ensemble de variables. La valeur estimée du ratio de sacrifice est proche de 1,30 %. Dans une seconde étape, nous procédons à une série d'exercices contrefactuels qui se propose d'expliquer l'impact d'une modification du degré de rigidité des prix ou des salaires sur la valeur du ratio de sacrifice. Nous obtenons qu'une baisse du degré de rigidité nominale des prix ne se traduit pas nécessairement par une baisse du ratio de sacrifice et que le ratio de sacrifice croît avec le degré de rigidité nominale des salaires.

Higher uncertainty about government spending generates a persistent decline in the economic activity in the Euro Area. This paper emphasizes the transmission channels explaining this empirical fact. First, a Stochastic Volatility model is estimated on European government consumption to build a measure of government spending uncertainty. Plugging this measure into a SVAR model, we stress that government spending uncertainty shocks have recessionary, persistent and humped-shaped effects. Second, we develop a New Keynesian model with financial frictions applying to a portfolio of equity and long-term government bonds. We argue that a portfolio effect-resulting from the imperfect substitutability among both assets-acts as a critical amplifier of the usual transmission channels.

Higher uncertainty about government spending generates a persistent decline in the economic activity in the Euro Area. This paper emphasizes the transmission channels explaining this empirical fact. First, a Stochastic Volatility model is estimated on European government consumption to build a measure of government spending uncertainty. Plugging this measure into a SVAR model, we stress that government spending uncertainty shocks have recessionary, persistent and humped-shaped effects. Second, we develop a New Keynesian model with financial frictions applying to a portfolio of equity and long-term government bonds. We argue that a portfolio effect-resulting from the imperfect substitutability among both assets-acts as a critical amplifier of the usual transmission channels.