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The history of the diocese, is a story by lay with the advantages and secure disadvantages that this entails. Not intended to make an apology to the Church, in their regional development, but show with the greatest possible objectivity, reasons why arises that diocese project and its consequent separation of Popayán, process to which had been tied inextricably for over 350 years. It is a regional elite with aspirations of political and economic progress are cristalizados with the creation of the Department, which encourage the development of the diocese. ; La historia de la Diócesis, es una historia desarrollada por laicos, con las ventajas y, seguras, desventajas que esto supone. No se pretende hacer una apología a la Iglesia, en su desarrollo regional, sino, mostrar con la mayor objetividad posible, las razones por las cuales surge ese proyecto de Diócesis y su consecuente proceso de separación de Popayán, a la cual había estado ligada indisolublemente por más de 350 años. Es una élite regional con aspiraciones de progreso político y económico, que se ven cristalizados con la creación del departamento, las que animan el desarrollo de la diócesis.

El vínculo entre política y religión ha sido una constante en la historia. Para el caso colombiano, la intervención de la Iglesia Católica en asuntos de índole socio-político ha generado gran controversia y ha marcado de manera definitiva el rumbo de las relaciones entre el poder temporal y espiritual. Situación esta que se ratifica a nivel regional, la postura de la Diócesis de Cali a través de los comunicados de su obispo, monseñor Luis Adriano Díaz, y sus medios de información, frente a temas tan relevantes a nivel nacional como la caída de la hegemonía conservadora en 1930, la reforma religiosa de López Pumarejo y la propaganda anticomunista y antiprotestante. Se busca en este trabajo, dar nuevas luces de la historia política nacional, desde la información de archivos regionales, como el de diócesis de Cali, que hasta el presente permanecen inéditos.

11 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables. ; The diet and prey selection of the Southern Grey Shrike (Lanius meridionalis koenigi) was studied in one of the scarce insular environments where it is present, the xeric coastal area of Tenerife (Canary Islands). The main aim of this study was to compare the general trophic patterns with respect to continental populations of Northern Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor) and Southern Grey Shrike. The material analysed consisted in 440 pellets collected during the four seasons of the year in the period April 2003–March 2004. A total of 5,112 prey items were identified, 85.4% corresponding to beetles (mainly Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) and the rest consisted of other arthropods and vertebrates. Biomass mainly constituted of vertebrates, especially lizards (64.0%). Slight seasonal variations in diet were recorded, beetles and lizards being highly consumed in all seasons. A positive selection of some beetles, non-Formicidae Hymenoptera and Orthoptera (Schistocerca gregaria) was observed. The data obtained in the present study confirms the hypothesis of how the Southern Grey Shrike relies on cold-blooded prey in hot climate (e.g. south of France),while the Great Grey Shrike mainly relies on warm-blooded prey in cold climate (e.g. Scandinavian Peninsula). The importance of lizards in the diet of this insular shrike population could be related to three different ecological factors: (1) the high abundance of these ectotherm vertebrates in island environments, (2) the higher effectiveness of predation and (3) lower investment of energy to capture them. ; David P. Padilla is currently financed by a PhD grant awarded by the Canarian Government.

ResumenDesde su origen clásico, el desarrollo arquitectónico de los escenarios de masas no ha formado parte de los principales relatos de la historia de la arquitectura. No obstante, su consideración desde el punto de vista de la disciplina difiere evidentemente de su permeabilidad social, como se puede comprobar a través de la relevancia urbana de anfiteatros de la Roma imperial repartidos por Europa o en la popularidad que en el siglo XX han alcanzado de nuevo estas estructuras, a través del renacer moderno de las olimpiadas y de la popularidad mundial de deportes como el fútbol.Protagonizando un arco histórico singular, la posibilidad de aglutinar a grandes masas en eventos propagandísticos, junto con la capacidad de articular el territorio y generar fachada urbana volvieron a hacer de los estadios edificios de gran interés en la primera mitad del siglo XX, comoya había sucedido en la Roma imperial.Este texto profundiza en la relación que establecieron los gobiernos totalitarios de Alemania, Italia y España con esta arquitectura. La convergencia de intereses políticos y sociales se materializó en una serie de estadios promovidos por las autoridades que quedaron claramente caracterizados en su resolución formal.AbstractFrom its classical origin, the architectural development of mass arenas has not been part of the main stories in the architectural History. However, its consideration from the discipline's point of view obviously differs from its social permeability, as can be seen through the urban relevance of imperial Rome amphitheaters scattered throughout Europe or in the 20th century popularity these structures have reclaimed through the modern rebirth of the Olympics and the worldwide popularity of sports such as soccer.Leading a unique historical arch, the possibility of bringing together large masses of people in propaganda events, together with the ability to articulate the territory and generate urban façade, made the stadiums again buildings of great interest in the first half of the twentieth century, as had happened in imperial Rome.This text delves into the relationship that the totalitarian governments of Germany, Italy and Spain established with this kind of architecture. The convergence of political and social interests materialized in a series of stadiums promoted by the authorities that were clearly characterized in their formal resolution.

© The Authors 2017 ; Summit areas of oceanic islands constitute some of the most isolated ecosystems on earth, highly vulnerable to climate change and introduced species. Within the unique high-elevation communities of Tenerife (Canary Islands), reproductive success and thus the long-term survival of the species may depend on environmental suitability as well as threat by introduced herbivores. By experimentally modifying the endemic and vulnerable species Viola cheiranthifolia along its entire altitudinal occurrence range, we studied plant performance, autofertility, pollen limitation and visitation rate and the interactive effect of grazing by non-native rabbits on them. We assessed the grazing effects by recording (i) the proportion of consumed plants and flowers along the gradient, (ii) comparing fitness traits of herbivore-excluded plants along the gradient, and (iii) comparing fitness traits, autofertility and pollen limitation between plants excluded from herbivores with unexcluded plants at the same locality. Our results showed that V. cheiranthifolia performance is mainly affected by inter-annual and microhabitat variability along the gradient, especially in the lowest edge. Despite the increasingly adverse environmental conditions, the plant showed no pollen limitation with elevation, which is attributed to the increase in autofertility levels (≥ 50% of reproductive output) and decrease in competition for pollinators at higher elevations. Plant fitness is, however, extremely reduced owing to the presence of non-native rabbits in the area (consuming more than 75% of the individuals in some localities), which in turn change plant trait-environment interactions along the gradient. Taken together, these findings indicate that the elevational variation found on plant performance results from the combined action of non-native rabbits with the microhabitat variability, exerting intricate ecological influences that threaten the survival of this violet species. ; Our work was funded by a project of the "Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales" (785/2012). Jaume Seguí was supported by the Graduate Fellowship Program co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Government of the Balearic Islands (Conselleria d'Educació, Cultura i Universitats), and Marta López-Darias by a JAE Doc programme of the Spanish National Research Council. ; Peer Reviewed