Suchergebnisse

The appointment of 204 translators and interpreters to serve inthe context of the Spanish Civil War carried out by the MilitaryIntelligence Service of the Red Army constitutes an importantmeasure for the institutionalization of translation in this context.The concept of institutionalization of translation refers to a form of legal-administrative, social, and moral legitimation of the professional performance of translators and interpreters, which, on the one hand, favors and, on the other hand, obstructs the action of translation as a cultural and social practice. The article analyzes the mechanisms of institutionalization and their effect on the performance of translators and interpreters during the war. ; El nombramiento de 204 traductores e intérpretes soviéticos llevado a cabo por el Servicio de Inteligencia Militar del Ejército Rojo constituye un medio importante para la institucionalización de la traducción e interpretación en la guerra civil española. Entendemos el concepto de institucionalización de la traducción como una forma de legitimación jurídico-administrativa, social y moral de la actuación profesional de los traductores e intérpretes, que por un lado favorece y por otro obstruye la acción de la traducción como práctica cultural y social. En este artículo se analizan los mecanismos de institucionalización y su efecto en la actuación de los traductores e intérpretes.

The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of the removal of NTBs in trade between the EU and its selected CIS partners: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (CIS5). The report includes a discussion of methodologies of measurement of non-tariff barriers and the impact of their removal, including a review of previous studies focusing on CEE and CIS regions. Further, we employ a computable general equilibrium model encompassing the following three pillars of trade facilitation: legislative and regulatory approximation, reform of customs rules and procedures and liberalization of the access of foreign providers of services. We conclude that a reduction of NTBs and improved access to the EU market would bring significant benefits to the CIS5 countries in terms of welfare gains, GDP growth, increases in real wages and expansion of international trade. The possible welfare implications of deep integration with the EU range from 5.8% of GDP in Ukraine to sizeable expected gains in Armenia (3.1%), Russia (2.8%), Azerbaijan (1.8%) and Georgia (1.7%).

This paper studies costs and benefits of institutional harmonisation in the context of EU relations with its neighbors. The purpose of this paper is to outline the likely forms of institutional harmonisation between the EU and its Eastern neighbors and provide an overview of the methodologies that can be used in measuring its effects (costs and benefits). This paper serves as a background for two measurement exercises - one on benefits and another on costs - that are to be undertaken during the second stage of research.