Suchergebnisse

This book explores the relationship between the jurisdictional immunities of states and international organizations, in an attempt to bring clarity and predictability to the law of international immunities. Embracing a holistic approach, this book charts the history, purpose, scope, competing norms, and exceptions and waivers for the jurisdictional immunities related to states and then international organizations, respectively. Finally, it focuses on the relationship between the two areas analyzing in detail the differences and commonalities between the two.

This volume explores the relationship between the jurisdictional immunities of states and international organisations, in an attempt to bring clarity and predictability to the law of international immunities. Embracing a holistic approach, this text charts the history, purpose, scope, competing norms and exceptions and waivers for the jurisdictional immunities related to states and then international organisations, respectively. Finally, it focuses on the relationship between the two areas analysing in detail the differences and commonalities between the two.

This paper describes the results of a policy experiment conducted in coordination with the Nigerian government. In this experiment, some communities were randomly selected to receive a new doctor. These doctors were posted to the local public health center. Prior to their arrival, health care was provided by midlevel health-care providers (MLP). To separate the effect of (ostensibly higher) quality from that of quantity, another group of communities was provided with an additional midlevel provider. A third group of communities received no additional workers. No other inputs were provided. I find a measurable decrease in mortality in communities assigned a doctor but not in communities assigned an MLP, suggesting that quality in the health-care sector is a significant constraint. (JEL I11, I12, O15, O18)

Abstract
This study examines how exercise responds to plausibly exogenous "price shocks," in the form of weather conditions. Most notably, we find that within cold temperature ranges, a decrease in past-month temperature causes a significant decrease in past-month exercise, and this effect is generally larger for lower education and income groups. In large part this differential by socioeconomic group appears to be due to smaller increases in indoor activity during cold weather. These results suggest that interventions and policies aiming to increase exercise participation, particularly among lower socioeconomic populations, could do so in part by increasing the availability and attractiveness of indoor facilities and activities. Furthermore, to the extent that the higher elasticity of behavior for lower socioeconomic groups reflects a more general sensitivity to external factors, these results highlight the promise of interventions that address such factors more broadly.

IFPRI3; ISI; B Promoting healthy food systems ; MTID ; PR

Informal health providers ranging from drug vendors to traditional healers account for a large fraction of health care provision in developing countries. They are, however, largely unlicensed and unregulated leading to concern that they provide ineffective and, in some cases, even harmful care. A new and controversial policy tool that has been proposed to alter household health seeking behavior is an outright ban on these informal providers. The theoretical effects of such a ban are ambiguous. In this paper, we study the effect of a ban on informal (traditional) birth attendants imposed by the Malawi government in 2007. To measure the effect of the ban, we use a difference-in-difference strategy exploiting variation across time and space in the intensity of exposure to the ban. Our most conservative estimates suggest that the ban decreased use of traditional attendants by about 15 percentage points. Approximately three quarters of this decline can be attributed to an increase in use of the formal sector and the remainder is accounted for by an increase in relative/friend-attended births. Despite the rather large shift from the informal to the formal sector, we do not find any evidence of a statistically significant reduction in newborn mortality on average. The results are robust to a triple difference specification using young children as a control group. We examine several explanations for this result and find evidence consistent with quality of formal care acting as a constraint on improvements in newborn health.

Verlagstext: Ganze zehn Stunden verbringen die Deutschen heute täglich mit Medien. 1980 waren es noch 346 Minuten, also rund vier Stunden weniger. Zwischen heute und damals liegt die Einführung des privaten Rundfunks, die Erfolgsstory des Handys, die fortschreitende Digitalisierung und nicht zuletzt die Verbreitung des Internets IBM die Medienlandschaft hat sich grundlegend gewan-delt. Die ARD/ZDF-Langzeitstudie "Massenkom-munikation" hat diese Umbrüche begleitet. Seit 1964 IBM also mittlerweile seit vier Jahrzehnten IBM wird alle fünf Jahre per Telefonumfrage unter-sucht, wie die Deutschen Tageszeitung, Radio, Fernsehen und seit kurzem das Internet nutzen und was sie von den Medien halten.