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AbstractFrom 1999 to 2004, the EU had two domestic policies in place which in reality acted as direct barriers to trade on the stated grounds of protecting human health and the environment. In recent months, the EU policies regarding genetically modified foods and crops have changed. However, the relaxation of the moratorium and the development of co‐existence guidelines will do little to help the commercialization of genetically modified organisms. Examination of the political economy in the EU shows no changes that would lead one to expect significant impacts on commerce.Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The plant variety protection (PVP) system has been criticized by some authors as being nothing more than a marketing tool and not having much effect on productivity. We investigate this issue for the case of cotton in the United States, first by examining trends in cotton varieties planted and then by quantifying the effect of PVP varieties on cotton yields. Our analysis suggests that PVP has led to the development of more varieties and that these varieties have had an overall positive impact of PVP on cotton yields. ; Includes bibliographical references

Editors' Introduction ; Innovation is the key to firm survival and growth in many industries, but nowhere more so than in agricultural biotechnology. Understanding the causes and consequences of biotechnology innovation requires negotiating a complex thicket of economic, policy, and technical themes. These themes include questions of optimal patent policy, market structure, and antitrust policy in both the innovation market and the output market, public-private collaboration, public-sector research and development (R&D) in agricultural biotechnology, and the management of intellectual property owned by universities and government research organizations.

AbstractMutual accountability is a social construct designed to overcome informational, transactional, and enforcement barriers to alignment and coordination among development stakeholders. In Africa, it has been implemented at the country and regional levels and will be presented at the African Union Summit in January 2018. However, the literature contains little on either the conceptual underpinnings of mutual accountability or its implementation in the African agricultural development context. Therefore, we reviewed the literature on mutual accountability to articulate its behavioral economics foundations. We also tested predictions using an adapted Prisoner's Dilemma model. We found several implications of mutual accountability for African development strategy within and beyond agricultural policy, including the importance of changing initial conditions to include cooperative action, the potential impermanence of cooperative action, and the importance of a critical mass of cooperating agents for maximum synergy. Finally, evidence suggests that mutual accountability processes increase the likelihood of achieving cooperative outcomes.Related ArticlesRaile,Eric D.,Amber N. W.Raile,Charles T.Salmon, andLoriAnn Post.2014. "."Politics & Policy42():103‐130.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12063/abstractPost,Lori Ann,Amber N. W.Raile, andEric D.Raile.2010. "."Politics & Policy38():653‐676.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00253.x/abstractElliot‐Teague,Ginger.2011. "."Politics & Policy39():835‐861.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00318.x/abstractRelated Media.2014. "Mutual Accountability Explained."http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf14/ma_guidance_note.pdfThis Place.2014. "The Prisoner's Dilemma."https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9Lo2fgxWHwPost,Lori Ann.2017. "."The World Bank.https://blogs.worldbank.org/publicsphere/generating-political-will-and-public-will-positive-social-change