Suchergebnisse

Rosa Luxemburg, gran líder, mujer de ideales firmes que consideraba que no había otro camino hacia la libertad que la revolución, fue cofundadora del Partido Comunista de Alemania y defendió sus ideales hasta el día de su brutal muerte en 1919. En 1917 desde la cárcel de Breslau, escribía una carta a su joven amiga Sophie Liebknecht , en dicha carta, hacía patente la esperanza, de que, los proletarios alemanes despertaran a la revolución, para incitar a su joven amiga a mantener "la frente en alto" y conservar la fortaleza, la autora escribió las siguientes líneas: "... ¡Todo cambiará y va a mejorar!, ¡No hay que esperar siempre lo peor! (Schütrumpf 2007, 58)

The objective of a country's government is to increase the well-being of its population. For this reason, a precise measure of inequality and poverty contributes to better development of economic and public policies to reduce the former and latter, respectively. Therefore, in recent years, various indexes have been developed to measure and compare inequality and poverty. In the case of Mexico, the Gini and Theil indexes are used to measure both problems. However, they are criticized for the overvaluation that they generate on specific population segments. For a better measurement, this paper calculates and investigates the relationship between the Palma index (inequality) and the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke index (poverty). In addition to reducing the overvaluation problem, the indexes mentioned allow us to perform an analysis by gender and employment type (salaried and self-employed). The main results do not diverge from those already found through traditional measures. In general, a high level of inequality exists. However, our paper contributes to the literature by identifying both problems by gender. Men present greater inequality than women, whereas women present greater poverty than men. Finally, a positive, albeit weak, correlation exists between both problems, which means that poverty can be combated by combating inequality.

Physical activity is recognized for its physical and mental health benefits, including reducing sedentary behavior and improving mood, anxiety, and self-esteem. Individuals with severe mental illness tend to be more sedentary, contributing to poorer health outcomes. Water aerobic exercise has shown promise in improving physical and mental health, but sex differences in response to such interventions remain underexplored. This study investigates the effects of a water aerobic exercise intervention on 74 individuals with severe mental illness, focusing on sex differences. Participants engaged in a 45–60 session, once a week for 6 months. Assessments were conducted before and after the intervention and included measures of clinical, functioning, quality of life, and sedentary behavior outcomes. Both men and women significantly reduced sedentary behavior. Men showed significant improvements in self-stigma, functioning, and general quality of life. In contrast, women demonstrated significant improvements in self-esteem. These findings suggest that water aerobic exercise may be effective in reducing sedentary behavior and improving mental health outcomes in individuals with severe mental illness. However, the benefits appear to differ by sex. These results underscore the importance of sex-tailored physical activity interventions in mental health care.

Psicosis de primer episodio; Entrenamiento metacognitivo; Entendimiento ; First-episode psychosis; Metacognitive training; Cognitive insight ; Psicosi de primer episodi; Entrenament metacognitiu; Enteniment ; Metacognitive training (MCT) has demonstrated its efficacy in psychosis. However, the effect of each MCT session has not been studied. The aim of the study was to assess changes in cognitive insight after MCT: (a) between baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up; (b) after each session of the MCT controlled for intellectual quotient (IQ) and educational level. Method: A total of 65 patients with first-episode psychosis were included in the MCT group from nine centers of Spain. Patients were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 6 months follow-up, as well as after each session of MCT with the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). The BCIS contains two subscales: self-reflectiveness and self-certainty, and the Composite Index. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed models with repeated measures at different time points. Self-certainty decreased significantly (p = 0.03) over time and the effect of IQ was negative and significant (p = 0.02). From session 4 to session 8, all sessions improved cognitive insight by significantly reducing self-certainty and the Composite Index. MCT intervention appears to have beneficial effects on cognitive insight by reducing self-certainty, especially after four sessions. Moreover, a minimum IQ is required to ensure benefits from MCT group intervention ; The project has been funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Government), research grant number PI11/01347 and PI14/00044; by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Progress and Health Foundation of the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, grant PI-0634/2011; Obra Social La Caixa (RecerCaixa call 2013); and Obra Social Sant Joan de Déu (BML).

Altres ajuts: The project has been funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Government); by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Progress and Health Foundation of the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, grant PI-0634/2011; Obra Social La Caixa (RecerCaixa call 2013); and Obra Social Sant Joan de Déu (BML). ; Background: Metacognitive training (MCT) has demonstrated its efficacy in psychosis. However, the effect of each MCT session has not been studied. The aim of the study was to assess changes in cognitive insight after MCT: (a) between baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up; (b) after each session of the MCT controlled for intellectual quotient (IQ) and educational level. Method: A total of 65 patients with first-episode psychosis were included in the MCT group from nine centers of Spain. Patients were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 6 months follow-up, as well as after each session of MCT with the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). The BCIS contains two subscales: self-reflectiveness and self-certainty, and the Composite Index. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed models with repeated measures at different time points. Results: Self-certainty decreased significantly (p = 0.03) over time and the effect of IQ was negative and significant (p = 0.02). From session 4 to session 8, all sessions improved cognitive insight by significantly reducing self-certainty and the Composite Index. Conclusions: MCT intervention appears to have beneficial effects on cognitive insight by reducing self-certainty, especially after four sessions. Moreover, a minimum IQ is required to ensure benefits from MCT group intervention.

The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in social cognition in a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP). An observational descriptive study was performed with 191 individuals with FEP. Emotion perception was assessed using the Faces Test, theory of mind was assessed using the Hinting Task, and attributional style was assessed using the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire. No gender differences were found in any of the social cognitive domains. Our results suggest that men and women with FEP achieve similar performances in social cognition. Therefore, targeting specific needs in social cognition regarding gender may not be required in early interventions for psychosis.

juts: This research was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Government, PI11/01347, PI14/00044, and PI18/00212) by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Health Department of Catalonia, PERIS call (SLT006/17/00231), Progress and Health Foundation of the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, grant PI-0634/2011 and PI-0193/ 2014, Obra Social La Caixa (RecerCaixa call 2013), CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya, Obra Social Sant Joan de Déu (BML) and by FI19/00062 (Ayudas para la contratación de personal predoctoral, Luciana Díaz-Cutraro is a beneficiary of a Predoctoral Training Grant in Health Research). ; The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in social cognition in a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP). An observational descriptive study was performed with 191 individuals with FEP. Emotion perception was assessed using the Faces Test, theory of mind was assessed using the Hinting Task, and attributional style was assessed using the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire. No gender differences were found in any of the social cognitive domains. Our results suggest that men and women with FEP achieve similar performances in social cognition. Therefore, targeting specific needs in social cognition regarding gender may not be required in early interventions for psychosis.

A protective effect has traditionally been attributed to estrogen in psychotic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate cumulative lifetime estrogen by assessing the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and the age of menarche, measuring their effects on symptoms, cognition, social cognition, and metacognition. As it was not possible to directly measure cumulative estrogen levels over the lifetime of a patient, the study sample was composed of 42 women with first-episode psychosis; estrogen levels were inferred by the menstrual cycle length, age at menarche, and years of difference between the onset of psychotic symptoms and menarche. All patients were assessed with a battery of questionnaires using the BDI, PSYRATS, PANSS, STROOP, TAVEC, WSCT, IPSAQ, and BCIS questionnaires. The results related to menstrual cycle length showed a relationship with memory; specifically, shorter cycles with semantic strategies (p = 0.046) and longer cycles with serial strategies in the short term (p = 0.005) as well as in the long term (p = 0.031). The results also showed a relationship with perseverative errors (p = 0.035) and self-certainty (p = 0.049). Only personalized bias (p = 0.030) was found to be significant in relation to the age at menarche. When analyzing the differences in years of difference between the age at menarche and the onset of psychotic symptoms, the results indicated lower scores in women with a smaller difference between both events in memory (short-term (p = 0.050), long-term (p = 0.024), intrusions (p = 0.013), and recognition (p = 0.043)) and non-perseverative errors (p = 0.024). No relationship was found between symptoms and menstrual characteristics. The investigatory outcomes seem to indicate a relationship between estrogen cumulative effects and the memory domain. More in-depth investigations in the field are necessary in order to improve personalized treatment in women with psychosis.