Suchergebnisse

Considers the reforms required to guarantee adequate financial crisis prevention and resolution; the role of development finance in supporting increased participation of low-income and small middle-income countries in private capital markets and the financing of social safety nets during crises; the need to reach a renewed international agreement on the limits of conditionality; the role of regional and subregional institutions in increasing the supply of 'global public goods'; and the need to maintain several realms of national autonomy, including capital account regulations and the choice of exchange rate regimes. Argues that regional institutions and national autonomy are particularly important for the smaller players in the international arena, which will gain significantly from competition in the services provided to them and from the maintenance of freedom of action in a context of imperfect supply of global public goods. (Original abstract - amended)

Cover -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Foreword to An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America -- Notes on the Contributors -- 1. Introduction The Export Age: The Latin American Economies in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries -- 2. Brazil as an Export Economy, 1880-1930 -- 3. Coffee and the Origins of Modern Economic Development in Colombia -- 4. The Economies of Central America, 1860-1940 -- 5. Export-led Growth in Mexico, c.1900-30 -- 6. Peru, 1884-1930: A Beggar Sitting on a Bench of Gold? -- 7. Bolivia, 1900-39: Mining, Railways and Education -- 8. Trying to 'Tax and Spend' Oneself out of the 'Dutch Disease': The Chilean Economy from the War of the Pacific tothe Great Depression -- 9. The Vicissitudes of an Exporting Economy: Argentina (1875-1930) -- 10. Alteration, Crisis and Adjustment in the Cuban Export Economy,1898-1939 -- Index.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Foreword to An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America -- Notes on the Contributors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technological Learning, Institution Building and the Microeconomics of Import Substitution -- 3. ECLA and the Theory of Import Substituting Industrialization in Latin America -- 4. The Influence of International Financial Institutions on ISI -- 5. The Industrialization of Chile during Protectionism, 1940- 82 -- 6. Import Substitution and Growth in Brazil, 1890s-1970s -- 7. The Process of Accelerated Industrialization in Mexico, 1929-82 -- 8. Industrialization in Venezuela, 1936-83: The Problem of Abundance -- 9. Colombia in the Classical Era of 'Inward-Looking Development', 1930-74 -- 10. Import-Substituting Industrialization in Argentina, 1940-80: Its Achievements and Shortcomings -- 11. Import Substitution, Economic Integration and the Development of Central America, 1950-80 -- Index.

The socio-cultural aspects of organic agriculture (OA) in the nine provinces in the Philippines – Tarlac, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Cebu, Bukidnon, and Davao was documented and assessed based on the data gathered from FG, KII and survey. There were 11 focus groups conducted among the representatives of various OA farming organizations, while there were 37 interviews to various experts: farmers, technicians, traders, representatives of NGOs and LGUs. In the survey, gender relations, labor dynamics and market systems, perceived attitudes on the social cost and benefits of organic agriculture to the farmers were determined. The findings showed that OA in the nine provinces started between 1960 and 1980. It was then known as natural farming. The active promotion of OA was after the promulgation of Republic Act 10068 or 'Organic Agriculture Act of the Philippines'. It was promoted thru conduct of trainings, meetings, lectures, farm visits and fora that are centered on the production of organic fertilizers (concoctions), pesticides and vermicompost. The motivating factor for conversion to OA is mainly for economic, health, and environmental reasons. Organic farming (OF) does not involve synthetic inputs which is the reason why the fertility of the soil is restored. With continuous practice of OF, it can help mitigate the effect of global warming. Furthermore, compared to inorganic farming, there is less expense for farm inputs and yet organic products are even sold at higher price than inorganic. OA was also found to be a family activity where members are involved from land preparation to marketing. The farmers make their own fertilizers using a variety of techniques such as composting, vermicomposting, bokashi, using microorganisms (IMO, EM), and making concoctions (foliar and liquid fertilizers). There were also some who practice integrated farming, which involves a combination of crops, vegetables, livestock and fishpond. The farmers sold a variety of organic products such as rice, vegetables, fruits, herbs, fish and livestock, and vermicast. Organic products are typically sold to farmers' neighbors, direct buyers, organic farmers'; organization, and middlemen. Some products are also sold the local public markets and supermarkets. The challenges encountered by organic farmers are related to organic farming operations, government support, and organic certification. Though certification is deemed important to farmers for it guarantees that products are truly organic, they suggest the use of Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) instead of the institutionalized certification. The findings of the study can be use d to craft policies on marketing of organic products. Organic agriculture is a way of life, and is a means to promote good health, to attain sustainable income for the farmers and to achieve quality environment.