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International audience ; In contrast with the stereotypical image of one-way flows going from a few source countries to many host countries, simultaneous exports and imports between two countries appears a plausible phenomenon in tourism. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the empirics of trade in tourism services by studying bilateral intra-tourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union and by using the most up-to-date and robust method available in the literature to distinguish vertically and horizontally differentiated tourism services: the Azhar and Elliott method (2006). Our results clearly show that a large proportion of European countries simultaneously export and import comparable amounts of tourism services. Moreover, the large predominance of vertical differentiation in these intra-tourism flows suggests that international specialization is taking place in Europe within the tourism sector itself, along the spectrum of quality.

International audience ; In contrast with the stereotypical image of one-way flows going from a few source countries to many host countries, simultaneous exports and imports between two countries appears a plausible phenomenon in tourism. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the empirics of trade in tourism services by studying bilateral intra-tourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union and by using the most up-to-date and robust method available in the literature to distinguish vertically and horizontally differentiated tourism services: the Azhar and Elliott method (2006). Our results clearly show that a large proportion of European countries simultaneously export and import comparable amounts of tourism services. Moreover, the large predominance of vertical differentiation in these intra-tourism flows suggests that international specialization is taking place in Europe within the tourism sector itself, along the spectrum of quality.

International audience ; In contrast with the stereotypical image of one-way flows going from a few source countries to many host countries, simultaneous exports and imports between two countries appears a plausible phenomenon in tourism. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the empirics of trade in tourism services by studying bilateral intra-tourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union and by using the most up-to-date and robust method available in the literature to distinguish vertically and horizontally differentiated tourism services: the Azhar and Elliott method (2006). Our results clearly show that a large proportion of European countries simultaneously export and import comparable amounts of tourism services. Moreover, the large predominance of vertical differentiation in these intra-tourism flows suggests that international specialization is taking place in Europe within the tourism sector itself, along the spectrum of quality.

Abstract.  Tourism has been regarded as a major source of economic growth and a source of foreign exchange. It has also been viewed as an activity that imposes costs on the host country. Such costs include increased pollution, congestion and despoliation of fragile environments, and intra‐generational inequity aggravation. One aspect that has been ignored is the general equilibrium effects of tourism on other sectors in the economy. This paper presents a model that captures the interdependence between tourism and the rest of the economy, in particular agriculture and manufacturing. An important result obtained is that the tourist boom may 'immiserize' the residents.