Suchergebnisse

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; In France, farmers may use only registered crop varieties, listed in the annual French or European official catalogue of species and varieties. For arable species, that represents the context of this paper, a variety is defined by official legislation as being distinct, uniform and stable (DUS) and is evaluated for its value for cultivation and use (VCU) on environments homogenized by an intensive cropping system. The evaluation is mainly focused on the yield and the industrial quality. But new demands are emerging resulting in -or in response to- the diversification of agriculture. Consequently the demand for a diversity of varieties well adapted to new cropping system and to new outlets is increasing. Our objective is to study the equilibrium between variety offer and demand and how the breeding system may fit the needs. The offer is appreciate by the evolution, over the time, of the number of varieties proposed in the catalogues and by the evolution of the number and of the identity of breeding actors. The number of varieties has greatly increased while the number of breeding firms (essentially private firms) is decreasing. The new demand of variety was studied through several enquiries and is represented by 4 models. Each model needs specific breeding scheme and relevant breeding actors. These different ways to envision varieties and plant breeding must not preclude one another but must be considered as complementary and able to renew the way to implement plant improvement for agriculture. In such context, public institute have a great role to play and mainly in the development of participatory plant breeding projects.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; In France, farmers may use only registered crop varieties, listed in the annual French or European official catalogue of species and varieties. For arable species, that represents the context of this paper, a variety is defined by official legislation as being distinct, uniform and stable (DUS) and is evaluated for its value for cultivation and use (VCU) on environments homogenized by an intensive cropping system. The evaluation is mainly focused on the yield and the industrial quality. But new demands are emerging resulting in -or in response to- the diversification of agriculture. Consequently the demand for a diversity of varieties well adapted to new cropping system and to new outlets is increasing. Our objective is to study the equilibrium between variety offer and demand and how the breeding system may fit the needs. The offer is appreciate by the evolution, over the time, of the number of varieties proposed in the catalogues and by the evolution of the number and of the identity of breeding actors. The number of varieties has greatly increased while the number of breeding firms (essentially private firms) is decreasing. The new demand of variety was studied through several enquiries and is represented by 4 models. Each model needs specific breeding scheme and relevant breeding actors. These different ways to envision varieties and plant breeding must not preclude one another but must be considered as complementary and able to renew the way to implement plant improvement for agriculture. In such context, public institute have a great role to play and mainly in the development of participatory plant breeding projects.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; In France, farmers may use only registered crop varieties, listed in the annual French or European official catalogue of species and varieties. For arable species, that represents the context of this paper, a variety is defined by official legislation as being distinct, uniform and stable (DUS) and is evaluated for its value for cultivation and use (VCU) on environments homogenized by an intensive cropping system. The evaluation is mainly focused on the yield and the industrial quality. But new demands are emerging resulting in -or in response to- the diversification of agriculture. Consequently the demand for a diversity of varieties well adapted to new cropping system and to new outlets is increasing. Our objective is to study the equilibrium between variety offer and demand and how the breeding system may fit the needs. The offer is appreciate by the evolution, over the time, of the number of varieties proposed in the catalogues and by the evolution of the number and of the identity of breeding actors. The number of varieties has greatly increased while the number of breeding firms (essentially private firms) is decreasing. The new demand of variety was studied through several enquiries and is represented by 4 models. Each model needs specific breeding scheme and relevant breeding actors. These different ways to envision varieties and plant breeding must not preclude one another but must be considered as complementary and able to renew the way to implement plant improvement for agriculture. In such context, public institute have a great role to play and mainly in the development of participatory plant breeding projects.

The homogenization of environments (E) encouraged by modern society and by the productivist model of agriculture has resulted in the homogeneity of genotypes (G) thereby reducing GxE interaction to a parasitic source of inaccuracy (a residual). As this model is called into question and new societal values are affirmed, agriculture is diversifying to fit contrasted environments and may be represented by four models defined by two axes, one socio economic (individual logics vs. collective governance), and the other agroecological (analytical vs. systemic approaches). Models differ by (i) the objectives (from yield improvement to farmers empowerment), (ii) specific expectations concerning genotypes (from inherited genetic resources to varieties that represent genetic, ethical and social progress), (iii) a specific representation of the environment (from E, a simple interaction between the agroecological environment (M) and cultivation system (C ), to E including a range of socioeconomic components (Actors competences (A), Outlets (O), Legislation (L), , Society (S) ) and (iv) particular relations between G and E (from GxE to GxMxCxA under evolving constraints represented by LxOxS). Taking these diverse objectives into account has changed the way plant improvement is envisaged. Thus depending on the model concerned, the order, interest and status of the five classic stages of plant improvement (setting objectives, creating variability, selecting, evaluating and disseminating) may be called into question. Between the existing analytical model and a holistic model that remains to be developed, lies the challenge of ensuring the sustainability, efficiency and acceptability of plant breeding and resulting innovations. From a simple "noticing" that we attempt to reduce the GxE interaction has become an " objective " that we try to predict and valorize. Structuring the different components of E, G and GxE, enables us to extend the basic concept of representativeness both of the cultivation conditions and of the socioeconomic "positions" of the involved actors.