Suchergebnisse

The first economical unconventional play outside North America: context, history, and "coopetition" -- An exceptional tectonic setting along the Andean Continental Margin -- Statigraphic context: cyclostatigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and seismic stratigraphy -- Relevant marine paleobiological markers of the Vaca Muerta formation -- Stuctural geology: tectonic history, macrostructures, regional fault map, fault systems, second-order structures, and impact of the inheritance -- Basin configuration during the Vaca Muerta times -- Sequence stratigraphy and the three-dimensional distribution of organic-rich units -- Sedimentology, depositional model, and implications for reservoir quality -- Seismic geomorphology, depositional elements, and clinoform sedimentary processes: impact on unconventional reservoir prediction -- Grain association, petrography, and lithofacies -- Organic geochemical patterns of the Vaca Muerta formation -- Reservoir properties: mineralogy, porosity, and fluid types -- Geomechanics: pressure, stress field, and hydraulic fractures -- Natural fractures: from core and outcrop observations to subsurface models -- Full development phase of the Loma Compana Block: black oil to gas and condensate windows -- De-risking the Sierras Blancas and Cruz de Lorena Blocks, black-oil window -- Pilot phase of the Aguada Federal Block, black-oil window -- Pilot phase of the Aguada Pichana Este Block, gas window -- "Factory mode" development of Fortín de Piedra Block, gas window -- Oil production from a sill complex within the Vaca Muerta formation.

Abstract. Drought is a major driver of vegetation activity in Spain, with significant impacts on crop yield, forest growth, and the occurrence of forest fires. Nonetheless, the sensitivity of vegetation to drought conditions differs largely amongst vegetation types and climates. We used a high-resolution (1.1 km) spatial dataset of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the whole of Spain spanning the period from 1981 to 2015, combined with a dataset of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) to assess the sensitivity of vegetation types to drought across Spain. Specifically, this study explores the drought timescales at which vegetation activity shows its highest response to drought severity at different moments of the year. Results demonstrate that – over large areas of Spain – vegetation activity is controlled largely by the interannual variability of drought. More than 90 % of the land areas exhibited statistically significant positive correlations between the NDVI and the SPEI during dry summers (JJA). Nevertheless, there are some considerable spatio-temporal variations, which can be linked to differences in land cover and aridity conditions. In comparison to other climatic regions across Spain, results indicate that vegetation types located in arid regions showed the strongest response to drought. Importantly, this study stresses that the timescale at which drought is assessed is a dominant factor in understanding the different responses of vegetation activity to drought.

8 Pags.- 3 Figs. © Te Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. ; Climate proxy data are required for improved understanding of climate variability and change in the pre-instrumental period. We present the first international initiative to compile and share information on pro pluvia rogation ceremonies, which is a well-studied proxy of agricultural drought. Currently, the database has more than 3500 dates of celebration of rogation ceremonies, providing information for 153 locations across 11 countries spanning the period from 1333 to 1949. This product provides data for better understanding of the pre-instrumental drought variability, validating natural proxies and model simulations, and multi-proxy rainfall reconstructions, amongst other climatic exercises. The database is freely available and can be easily accessed and visualized via http://inpro.unizar.es/. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017-82216-R, PCI2019-103631 and PID2019- 108589RA-100 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; CROSSDRO project fnanced by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross (X)- sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), and JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Te research of Nieves Bravo-Paredes has been supported by the predoctoral fellowship PRE2018-084897 from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades) of the Spanish Government. Te Portuguese data search stems partly from the project KlimHist, fnanced by FCT (PTDC/AAC–CLI/119078/2010). ; Peer reviewed