Suchergebnisse

Considerando que o bem-estar social é sensível à desigualdade, este artigo busca avaliar a distribuição da carga tributária do Brasil, utilizando a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2017-18), além de mensurar o nível de progressividade/regressividade do sistema tributário. Os microdados da POF 2017-18 são trabalhados, de forma a estratificar as famílias em decis de renda per capita, além de obter as informações sobre o pagamento dos tributos diretos, por domicílio, bem como, seu perfil ao longo dos estratos de renda. Também é calculada a distribuição da carga tributária indireta do consumo e, em detalhe, da alimentação, na qual são utilizadas as alíquotas efetivas. Com os resultados, é possível obter a distribuição da carga tributária total, assim como, calcular índices de mensuração da progressividade/regressividade. É observado que os tributos diretos são progressivos, além disso, que os tributos indiretos são regressivos sob a ótica da renda e neutros sob a ótica do gasto e, finalmente, que a distribuição da carga tributária total é proporcional, sob o aspecto da renda. No mais, os índices de mensuração da progressividade/regressividade calculados reforçam os resultados obtidos anteriormente, incluindo que o imposto de renda é substancialmente progressivo e que os tributos indiretos da alimentação são fortemente regressivos.
Palavras-chave: Progressividade e Regressividade. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF). Carga Tributária. Microdados.

This paper assesses causes and consequences of fiscal redistribution in Brazil. The framework proposed allows evaluating in an integrated manner the impacts of government-sponsored actions in inequality and mean income changes on social welfare, addressing both static and dynamic implications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first microsimulation attempt to gauge actual fiscal policy redistribution changes over time in Brazil. The study develops an empirical methodology that allows consistent comparisons among the years 1995, 2003, 2009, and 2015. We focus on disposable income changes between 2003 and 2015. In this period, the Gini index-based social welfare grew 4.86 per cent per year; that is, higher than the growth rates associated with both initial income (4.36 per cent) and final income (4.47 per cent), but not with gross income (4.91 per cent). The results suggest that official cash transfers accelerated the growth of social welfare while direct and indirect tax changes operated in the opposite direction. The model outcomes allow assessing the role played by specific fiscal instruments among various taxes and cash transfer programmes. The family grant programme was the best-targeted action in the 2003-15 period. Its contribution to the rise of social welfare is 2.7 times the contribution to the rise of mean income. If one compares family grant poverty impacts with the second best targeted cash transfer programme, each monetary unit spent generated a 119.73 per cent higher impact.

The Brazilian government raises taxes amounting to 35% of GDP and spends more than two thirds of this on social programmes. These shares are in pair with the OECD averages and well in excess of Latin America averages. However, while tax-benefit systems in most OECD countries reduce income disparities very significantly, the Brazilian government has been much less successful in alleviating inequality and poverty. Focussing on taxes and cash transfers, this paper investigates the impact of the government budget on the income distribution in Brazil, and evaluates its efficiency and effectiveness in reducing inequality and poverty. We present BRAHMS, a new tax-benefit microsimulation model for Brazil and illustrate its use by evaluating the impact of policy on economic inequality. It is argued that microsimulation provides a valuable analytical tool for policy makers in emerging and developing countries in particular.

Apesar de arrecadar um montante de tributos equivalente a cerca de 37% do PIB e gastar mais da metade desta receita em programas sociais, o governo brasileiro não tem sido capaz de aliviar significativamente o problema da desigualdade e da pobreza. Alguns estudos têm mostrado evidência de que esta situação é, em grande parte, devida à inadequada focalização dos gastos públicos. Entretanto, o impacto distributivo do financiamento desses gastos tem recebido menos atenção. O presente trabalho investiga o impacto conjunto dos tributos e transferências monetárias governamentais sobre a distribuição de renda entre os domicílios brasileiros e compara o Brasil com alguns outros países com carga tributária semelhante. ; Despite raising an amount of taxes that represents nearly 37% of the country's GDP and spending over half of this revenue on social programmes, the Brazilian government has not been able to significantly alleviate inequality and poverty. A number of studies have shown evidence that, to a great extent, this situation is due to the inadequate targeting of public expenditures. The distributive impact of the financing of these expenditures, however, has received less attention. This paper investigates the combined impact of taxes and government cash transfers on the distribution of income among Brazilian households and compares Brazil's redistributive performance with that of some countries with a similar tax burden.

The Brazilian government raises an amount of taxes that represents 35% of GDP and spends more than two-thirds of this on social programmes. These shares are in pair with the OECD averages and well in excess of Latin America averages. However, while the tax-benefit system in OECD countries notably reduces market inequality, in Brazil the government has not been able to significantly alleviate inequality and poverty. This paper investigates the impact of the government budget, particularly taxes and cash transfers, on income distribution in Brazil, and evaluates its efficiency and effectiveness in reducing inequality and poverty. The analysis also illustrates how microsimulation is a useful and powerful method for evaluating the impact of policy on income distribution.