Presently, peri-urbanisation is one of the most pervasive processes of land use change in Europe with strong impacts on both the environment and quality of life. It is a matter of great urgency to determine strategies and tools in support of sustainable development. The book synthesizes the results of PLUREL, a large European Commission funded research project (2007-2010). Tools and strategies of PLUREL address main challenges of managing land use in peri-urban areas. These results are presented and illustrated by means of 7 case studies which are at the core of the book. This volume presents a novel, future oriented approach to the planning and management of peri-urban areas with a main focus on scenarios and sustainability impact analysis. The research is unique in that it focuses on the future by linking quantitative scenario modeling and sustainability impact analysis with qualitative and in-depth analysis of regional strategies, as well as including a study at European level with case study work also involving a Chinese case study
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Copyright is undoubtedly a very complicated matter. For that very reason it might be useful now and again to look beyond the jungle of treaties, directives, laws, decrees and contracts, and try to establish where we are actually heading. Then we can ask ourselves whether the direction taken is the one we would like to see. My purpose in writing this article is to demonstrate how the 'balance', which was always considered to be a crucial goal of copyright regulation, has been gradually undermined, to the detriment of the consumers of information and culture. I will also try to illustrate how copyright has become distanced from what was once its very foundations. If we look more closely at recent developments there are primarily two factors which merit special attention, namely 1) the widespread revision of copyright legislation and 2) The increasing regulation by contract.
This dissertation about the utilization of applied social science is based on studies of research use in three different policy sectors - the social service, the building, and the working life sectors. In these studies some characteristics of the different policy sectors, like the distribution and exercise of power and control, was found to play a fundamental role in forming the patterns of research utilization of the organizations in the field and the ways organizations act in relation to their environments. Three overall purposes, or "utilization aims", could be distinguished as the main reasons for investing in social science research. The first is aimed at managing organizational and political conflicts and is directly oriented towards political use of research. A second utilization aim is directed towards governance and control. The third is to create and define an expertise, and aim increased knowledge within the organization and among staff through professionalization and training. Utilization of research may be conceived as a means for the control of the environment and the organizations' relations with it, just as it is a means to control the organization itself. Research utilization strategies, and, accordingly, the ways social science is used, vary within as well as between the three policy sectors. Within the different sectors some organizations have developed utilization patterns that are aimed towards the environment, while some have concentrated on internal control and governance problems; and some have had to combine internal and external utilization strategies. In the utilization studies we did not find any relation between the technical characteristics of the research reports and the degree of use. On the other hand, we found clear differences between the characteristics of research used instrumentally and research used for "enlightenment", or as a political tool. Different types of use are at the same time connected with different origins of research; research for instrumental use is most often initiated or produced by the users themselves, and research used for enlightenment by social scientists at the universities. The research that was used, and hence its characteristics, also varied between different utlization strategies. Strategies favouring enlightenment use and political use of research also favoured research originating from the scientific community, while strategies favouring instrumental use corresponded to a higher degree of utilization of locally produced and user initiated research. The organization of research in the area, therefore, is another factor that affect social science use in the different sectors. The conclusion from the studies of research utilization in the three policy sectors is that it is neither technical obstacles in the communication process, nor in the research products that mainly determine research use. What determines if and how social science will be used is the interaction between the character of a policy sector, the knowledge strategies of policymakers, and the organization of research in the area.
With material from a Swedish study of the utilization of social research in city welfare agencies, the author advocate a sociological analysis of the utilization contexts where use of research takes place. The bases of compliance in the organization and the position of the agencies in regard to conflicts in social welfare politics are shown to have great importance for the way organizations use and invest in knowledge, and case studies show that these factors can change the type of impact of research. The language of current utilization research tends to treat differences in research use as quantitative differences or as differences in the "functions" or "modes" of research use. The authors point to the hierarchical distribution of knowledge and research use, the activity of users, and the way conflicts influence research utilization as important issues for the explanation of research utilization.
Nordic cities are renowned for promoting accessibility to greenspace, both in terms of preserving natural landscapes as well as establishing green public space within highly developed areas. At the same time, multiple pressures threaten our access to urban green and recreative spaces. 'Green Visons' explores and evaluates the historical pathways, contemporary development, and future outlook for planning, design, and policy-making of green and recreational cities in the Nordic Region.0Landscape architects, planners, policymakers, and active citizens will learn from practitioners who share decades of knowledge regarding the aesthetics, functionality, and significance of urban greenspaces throughout Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Readers within the Nordic Region and abroad will find an in-depth exploration of urban greenspace that will inspire and incite curiosity over the future of urban greenspaces. As cities navigate contemporary urban challenges and prepare for uncertain futures with regards to climate change, urban densification, and social inequities, the insights from the book act as review and vision for sustainable urban planning and design
Dans la société actuelle, les maladies liées au mode de vie jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans les causes de mauvaise santé. L'accès et le séjour dans des environnements qui contiennent des éléments naturels tels que les forêts, les parcs et les jardins ont attiré l'attention pour leur capacité à favoriser la santé et le bien-être humains. Un domaine de recherche à part entière s'est développé pour expliquer et attester du lien entre accès et activités dans la nature et santé humaine. L'action COST E39 « Forêts, arbres et la santé et le bien-être humains », initiée en 2004 et achevée en 2009, avait pour but de réunir des chercheurs européens qui travaillent sur les différents aspects de la relation entre nature et santé. Ses principaux résultats ont été présentés dans le livre Forests, Trees and Human Health publié en 2011. Cet article porte sur trois questions de recherche centrales concernant la relation entre nature et santé : les effets réparateurs, instauratifs et salutaires sur la santé humaine, les effets sur la santé des activités physiques de plein air et les interventions thérapeutiques telles que les jardins thérapeutiques et les bains de forêt. Une revue systématique de la recherche menée à la suite de l'action COST, permet d'aboutir aux conclusions suivantes : 1) Un nombre remarquable de publications de recherche mettent en évidence une corrélation statistique entre l'accès à la nature et aux espaces verts et l'activité physique humaine et la santé. Cependant, peu d'études établissent une relation de cause à effet permettant d'affirmer que l'accès aux espaces verts entraîne une plus grande activité physique et une meilleure santé. 2) La recherche existante sur les activités de plein air dans des environnements naturels fait état d'un certain nombre d'associations positives et effets sur la santé, dont certains sont solidement appuyés par des preuves, bien que sujets à des réserves quant à l'applicabilité immédiate des conclusions qu'on peut en tirer. 3) Beaucoup d'études montrent que des thérapies fondées sur la nature fonctionnent et donnent lieu à des effets clairement positifs, mais la qualité de ces études fait l'objet de sérieuses critiques. Enfin, les auteurs recommandent qu'une plus grande place soit accordée aux recherches sur les bénéfices économiques tirés des effets que la nature procure sur la santé et d'élargir la base théorique des études. De plus, une meilleure intégration de ces connaissances dans les politiques de la santé et leur mise en œuvre pratique dans le cadre de l'urbanisme et de la gestion des forêts sont à envisager. ; In today's modern society, lifestyle-related diseases play an increasingly important role as the cause of bad health. Staying in and access to environments that contain natural elements such as forests, parks and gardens has been featured because of its potential to stimulating people's health and well-being. An inde-pendent research area has developed, which addresses issues that try to explain anddocument the health effects of access to and activities in nature. To bring together European researchers working with different aspects of the relation between nature and health, COST Action E39 "Forests, Trees, and Human Health and Wellbeing" was established in 2004 and terminated in November 2009. The main results of COST E39 was presented in the book "Forests, Trees and Human Health" published in 2011. This article focuses on three central research questions regarding the relationship between nature and health: (1) Nature's restorative and salutogenic effects on human beings, (2) Health effects of outdoor physical activities, and (3) Therapeutic interventions such as therapy gardens and forest bathing. Based on a systematic review of research carried out in the aftermath of the COST Action the following conclusions are made: (1) There is a remarkable amount of research publications showing a statistical correlation between access to nature and green areas and human physical activity and health. However, there are few studies that really prove a causal relationship, i.e. that access to green areas leads to increased physical activity and better health. (2) The existing research on outdoor activities in natural environments describes a number of positive associations and effects on health, and the evidence for some of these are convincing, albeit there must be reservations for the immediate appli-cability of the conclusions. (3) A lot of studies also show that nature-based therapeutic interventions work and provide clear positive effects, but there is serious criticism about the quality of the studies. Finally, the authors suggest more emphasis on research regarding the economic benefits of nature's health effects, more research on the effects of nature-based therapeutic interventions, and of broadening the theoretical basis. Furthermore, we foresee a better integration with health policies and practical implementation within urban planning and forest management.
