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Macroeconomic stability in 2020 was negatively affected by Covid-19 in 2020, although inflation remained low under 4 per cent. The budget deficit increased sharply (from 3.36 per cent of GDP in 20196 to 4.49 per cent of GDP in 20207) due to an increase in government spending for pandemic-related financial support for citizens and businesses. Accordingly, debt indicators for 2020, namely public debt (as percentage of GDP), foreign debt (as percentage of GDP), government debt payments to total budget revenue, and foreign debt repayment (as percentage of total exports) all increased compared to the previous year (see Graph 2 below). Covid-19 has affected all aspects of socio-economic development such as economic growth, trade activities, labour, employment, and income of workers. To mitigate this disruption, the Vietnamese government has implemented a series of timely and strong measures aimed firstly to limit the spread of the virus and then secondly to promote economic development. The measures have shown initial success at controlling the spread of the virus, with Vietnam having come close to completely halting local transmission.

Abstract. Estuarine compound flooding can happen when extreme sea level and river discharges occur concurrently, or in close succession, inundating low-lying coastal regions. Such events are hard to predict and amplify the hazard. Recent UK storms, including Storm Desmond (2015) and Ciara (2020), have highlighted the vulnerability of mountainous Atlantic-facing catchments to the impacts of compound flooding including risk to life and short- and long-term socio-economic damages. To improve prediction and early warning of compound flooding, combined sea and river thresholds need to be established. In this study, observational data and numerical modelling were used to reconstruct the historic flood record of an estuary particularly vulnerable to compound flooding (Conwy, North Wales). The record was used to develop a method for identifying combined sea level and river discharge thresholds for flooding using idealised simulations and joint-probability analyses. The results show how flooding extent responds to increasing total water level and river discharge, with notable amplification in flood extent due to the compounding drivers in some circumstances, and sensitivity (∼ 7 %) due to a 3 h time lag between the drivers. The influence of storm surge magnitude (as a component of total water level) on the flooding extent was only important for scenarios with minor flooding. There was variability as to when and where compound flooding occurred; it was most likely under moderate sea and river conditions (e.g. 60th–70th and 30th–50th percentiles) and only in the middle-estuary zone. For such cases, joint-probability analysis is important for establishing compound flood risk behaviour. Elsewhere in the estuary, either the sea state (lower estuary) or river flow (upper estuary) dominated the hazard, and single-value probability analysis is sufficient. These methods can be applied to estuaries worldwide to identify site-specific thresholds for flooding to support emergency response and long-term coastal management plans.

The rapid and breakthrough development of digital technology in the digital era creates excellent opportunities for Vietnam's socioeconomic development, profoundly changing all activities and people's lifestyles. However, due to old age characteristics, older adults become a vulnerable population group and face many difficulties when digital transformation occurs widely in all aspects of life. Research issues raised by the research team, such as sociodemographic characteristics, active aging, the activeness and attitudes of the elderly in Vietnam toward the digital environment, the importance of relevant government policies, and necessary attention from telecommunications and online service providers, are considered the novelties of this study. Among these, sociodemographics were found to be the most important factor influencing the digital adaptation of older people, as they dominate the age-related problems faced by older people. These suggestions were confirmed by evaluating the results of a sociological survey conducted by the research group At Hanoi University of Science and Technology on the influence of the technological environment on older adults' lives using qualitative research methods. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors influencing the digital adaptability of Vietnamese elderly people in order to propose policy implications to encourage the elderly to adapt to the digital environment in the emerging digital society in Vietnam.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic orbital decompression in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study in Hanoi Medical University and a Military Hospital from December 2017 to December 2018. Twenty-eight orbits of fifteen patients were undergoing endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves' orbitopathy. Indications for surgery were proptosis in twenty-two orbits and compressive optic neuropathy in six orbits. The outcome measures were proptosis reduction, visual acuity, visual field test and diplopia. Post-operative complications including cerebrospinal fluid leakage, haemorrhage, lacrimal duct impairment, worsening diplopia, sinusitis and cellulitis were collected. RESULTS: The mean proptosis reduction was 2.23 mm. Visual acuity and medium deviation in the Humphrey visual field were significantly improved in four of six eyes with compressive optic neuropathy. There was one patient with intra-operative excessive bleeding which resolved without affecting visual outcome. Post-operatively, two patients developed a new onset of diplopia and two others worsened diplopia; three have already undergone successful strabismus surgery and moderate proptosis reduction. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic orbital decompression surgery was effectively and safely to manage compressive optic neuropathy of Graves' orbitopathy and moderately reduce proptosis in a group of Vietnamese patients.

Thi My Hanh Pham,1,2 Chien Thang Nguyen,1 Quoc Tung Mai,2 Thi Huong Giang Bui,2 Dung Hoa Do,2 Peter McCluskey,3 Trong Van Pham2 1Department of Ophthalmology, 103 Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 3Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaCorrespondence: Quoc Tung MaiTung Department of Ophthalmology, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, 100000, VietnamTel +84 915644181Email maiquoctung@hmu.edu.vnPurpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic orbital decompression in patients with Graves' orbitopathy.Patients and Methods: This is a prospective study in Hanoi Medical University and a Military Hospital from December 2017 to December 2018. Twenty-eight orbits of fifteen patients were undergoing endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves' orbitopathy. Indications for surgery were proptosis in twenty-two orbits and compressive optic neuropathy in six orbits. The outcome measures were proptosis reduction, visual acuity, visual field test and diplopia. Post-operative complications including cerebrospinal fluid leakage, haemorrhage, lacrimal duct impairment, worsening diplopia, sinusitis and cellulitis were collected.Results: The mean proptosis reduction was 2.23 mm. Visual acuity and medium deviation in the Humphrey visual field were significantly improved in four of six eyes with compressive optic neuropathy. There was one patient with intra-operative excessive bleeding which resolved without affecting visual outcome. Post-operatively, two patients developed a new onset of diplopia and two others worsened diplopia; three have already undergone successful strabismus surgery and moderate proptosis reduction.Conclusion: Endoscopic orbital decompression surgery was effectively and safely to manage compressive optic neuropathy of Graves' orbitopathy and moderately reduce proptosis in a group of Vietnamese patients.Keywords: endoscopy, Graves' orbitopathy, decompression, optic neuropathy

Eucalypts are the most planted trees worldwide, but most of them are frost sensitive. Overexpressing transcription factors for CRT-repeat binding factors (CBFs) in transgenic Eucalyptus confer cold resistance both in leaves and stems. While wood plays crucial roles in trees and is affected by environmental cues, its potential role in adaptation to cold stress has been neglected. Here, we addressed this question by investigating the changes occurring in wood in response to the overexpression of two CBFs, taking advantage of available transgenic Eucalyptus lines. We performed histological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses on xylem samples. CBF ectopic expression led to a reduction of both primary and secondary growth, and triggered changes in xylem architecture with smaller and more frequent vessels and fibers exhibiting reduced lumens. In addition, lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio increased. Consistently, many genes of the phenylpropanoid and lignin branch pathway were upregulated. Most of the features of xylem remodeling induced by CBF overexpression are reminiscent of those observed after long exposure of Eucalyptus trees to chilling temperatures. Altogether, these results suggest that CBF plays a central role in the cross-talk between response to cold and wood formation and that the remodeling of wood is part of the adaptive strategies to face cold stress. ; The Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III (UPS), the French MERI (Ministry of Education, Research and Innovation), and the French Laboratory of Excellence project 'TULIP'(ANR-10-LABX-41; ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02). This research was also financially supported by the Vietnamese government for PhD grants (P.B. Cao and C. Nguyen). ; http://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms ; hj2020 ; Biochemistry ; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) ; Genetics ; Microbiology and Plant Pathology

Nguyen Le Trung,1,2 Pham Quoc Toan,1,3 Le Viet Thang,1,3 Nguyen Dinh Ngan,1,2 Nguyen Chien Thang,1,2 Nguyen Van Cuong,1,2 Nguyen Van Dam,1,2 Hoang Tuan Anh,1,2 Vo Thi Hang,1,2 Nguyen Kien Trung,4 Do Nhu Binh,1,5 Vu Anh Tuan6 1Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam; 2Vietnam Department of Opthalmology, Military Hospital 103, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam; 3Vietnam Department of Nephrology, Military Hospital 103, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam; 4Vietnam National Eye Hospital, Hanoi, 11613, Vietnam; 5Vietnam Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital 103, Hanoi, 12108, Vietnam; 6Vietnam Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 11601, VietnamCorrespondence: Vu Anh Tuan Email vuanhtuan64@gmail.comPurpose: Patients with end-stage renal failure are susceptible to dry eye disease. This study explores the relationship between dry eye disease and influence factors.Patients and Methods: The control group consisted of 57 healthy subjects who were kidney donors. They were of the same age and sex as the kidney transplant recipients. The outcome variable was the dry eye condition of the participants. The Schirmer test confirmed dry eye disease, TBUT (breakup time test), and the Eye Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, using linear regression to evaluate the association.Results: The total number of subjects was 146 (89 kidney recipients and 57 kidney donors). When univariate analysis found the level of visual acuity, the age group involved was statistically significant, while the other factors were not statistically significant. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio: 2.8, p< 0.05), smoking history (odd ratio: 0.1, p< 0.05), corneal conjunctival calcification (odd ratio: 0.2, p< 0.05); central corneal thickness (odd ratio: 1.02, p< 0.05) is considered to be an influence factor for disease progression.Conclusion: Age group, smoking history, corneal central thickness, and conjunctival calcification are factors for dry eye disease in patients preparing to receive a kidney. These results reinforce the evidence for multifactorial dry eye disease in patients with renal impairment.Keywords: dry eye, renal failure, renal transplant, Hanoi Vietnam