Suchergebnisse

This fourth edition of an enduring and popular book has been fully updated and revised, exploring the two opposing paradigms of sustainability in an insightful and accessible way. Eric Neumayer contends that central to the debate on sustainable development is the question of whether natural capital can be substituted by other forms of capital. Proponents of weak sustainability maintain that such substitutability is possible, whilst followers of strong sustainability regard natural capital as non-substitutable. The author examines the availability of natural resources for the production of cons

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Tables and Boxes -- Preface -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part One: Foundations -- 1 Globalization: Investment, Trade and the Environment in an Integrating World Economy -- Trade integration and investment flows in historical perspective -- The institutions governing economic globalization -- GATT, ITO and WTO -- Committee on Trade and the Environment (CTE) -- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) -- Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) -- Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) -- Why are developing countries hostile towards greening the multilateral investment and trade regimes? -- WTO Ministerial Meeting in Seattle and the 'Millennium Round' -- After Seattle: Quo vadis the WTO? -- 2 The Current Multilateral Trade and Investment Regimes -- Trade and the environment -- The agreement establishing the WTO and the GATT -- The preamble -- Article I (Most favoured nation treatment) -- Article III (National treatment) -- Article XI (General elimination of quantitative restrictions) -- Article XX (General exceptions) -- The General Agreement on Trade in Services -- The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) -- The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) -- The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures -- The Agreement on Agriculture -- The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement) -- Foreign investment and the environment -- Investment provisions in the NAFTA -- The regulatory regime in BITs and the draft MAI -- The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs Agreement) -- Part Two: Investment -- 3 Pollution Havens: Do Developing Countries Set Inefficient Environmental Standards to Attract Foreign Investment?

Whether international human rights treaties constrain the behavior of governments is a hotly contested issue that has drawn much scholarly attention. The possibility to derogate from some, but not all, of the rights enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) during declared and officially notified states of emergency provides a hitherto unexplored test case. If governments were increasingly violating non-derogable rights during derogation periods then this provides evidence that the ICCPR has no sufficient constraining effect on state parties. I analyze whether specific individual human rights as well as two aggregate rights measures are systematically more violated during derogation periods in a global sample over the period 1981 to 2008. I find that regime type matters: autocracies step up violation of both non-derogable and derogable rights, anocracies increasingly violate some derogable and some non-derogable rights, whereas democracies see no statistically significant change in their human rights behavior during derogation periods. This result suggests that the main general international human rights treaty fails to achieve its objective of shielding certain rights from derogation where, as in autocracies and anocracies, a constraining effect would be needed most. Adapted from the source document.