Suchergebnisse

Presented during the Third international conference on irrigation and drainage held March 30 - April 2, 2005 in San Diego, California. The theme of the conference was "Water district management and governance." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Fair and clear voting and election procedures are necessary for an effective water users association, but these procedures have considerable variety. Voting may be limited to owners of irrigated land, or may also include tenants and sharecroppers. Decisions must be made on how voting privileges will be allocated for situations like multiple owners, corporations, municipalities, and lands held in trust. The weight given to each vote is another major consideration. "One person-one vote" is common. Or votes may be proportional to the amount of irrigated land owned or number of shares owned in the corporation. The "one person-one vote" method may lead to unfair domination by small landowners, which in the United States and similar countries may lead to domination by non-farmers. However, voting power in proportion to land owned or shares owned may lead to domination by a few powerful individuals. An example compromise system is irrigation district law in the State of Oregon, USA, which provides for one vote for up to 40 acres (16 hectares), two votes for 40 to 160 acres (16 to 65 hectares), and three votes for more than 160 acres (65 hectares). An example "blended" system generally uses acreage-based voting, but uses "one person-one vote" for "at-large" directors. Elections require procedures on notification, nomination of candidates, maintenance of voter registers, proxy voting, quorums, and conducting the election. Maintenance of secrecy is pretty much essential for effective elections. Where voting power varies with the amount of irrigated land owned or shares owned in the corporation, use of colored ballots representing different numbers of votes can be an effective method of maintaining secrecy. ; Sponsored by USCID; co-sponsored by Association of California Water Agencies and International Network for Participatory Irrigation Management.

AbstractInvestigative journalism strategies can add a significant qualitative dimension to a variety of evaluation efforts.

There is no provision in the United States Constitution which expressly gives or denies Congress a right to deprive a person of, or prescribe a method whereby a person may lose, his citizenship. Yet in the Nationality Act of 1940 Congress provided for the involuntary expatriation of an American citizen upon the intentional commission of one or more of several specified acts. In 1957 three cases involving this statute reached the Supreme Court of the United States. The constitutionality of the section providing for loss of citizenship by voting in a foreign election was upheld; the one providing for loss of citizenship upon conviction of desertion from the military forces in time of war was declared unconstitutional; and there was no decision on the constitutionality of the provision relating to loss of citizenship by reason of serving in a foreign military force, the case being remanded for additional action.

Introduction to public health communication / Claudia Parvanta -- Population health : a primer / Patrick L. Remington -- A public health communication planning framework / Claudia Parvanta -- How to communicate about data / David E. Nelson -- Understanding and reporting the science / David E. Nelson -- Communicating for policy and advocacy / Claudia Parvanta -- Health literacy and clear health communication / Erika M. Hedden -- Behavior change communication : theories, models and practice strategies / Claudia Parvanta -- Formative research / Claudia Parvanta -- Media vehicles, platforms and channels / Claudia Parvanta -- Implementating a communication intervention / Claudia Parvanta -- Evaluating a health communication program / May Grabbe Kennedy and Jonathan DeShazo -- Clinician-client communication / Richard N. Harner -- The role of communication in cancer prevention and care / Wen-ying Sylvia Chou, Danielle Blanch-Hartigan, Chan Le Thai -- Crisis and emergency risk communication : a primer / David W. Cragin and Claudia Parvanta -- Health communication in resource-poor countries / Carmen Cronin and Suruchi Sood

Purpose.To estimate the independent effect of cigarette smoking on respiratory tract symptoms and health status indicators among high school seniors.Design.Consolidated data sets from one-time cross-sectional survey designs.Setting.High schools in the United States, 1982–1989.Sample.A total of 26,504 high school seniors, with an 83% response rate.Measures.Odds ratios for respiratory tract symptoms and health status indicators for cigarette smokers compared with nonsmokers, while controlling for sex, socioeconomic status, and use of other drugs.Results.High school seniors who were regular cigarette smokers and who began smoking by grade nine were significantly more likely than never smokers to report shortness of breath when not exercising (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2. 7), coughing spells (OR = 2.1), productive cough (OR = 2.4), and wheezing or gasping (OR = 2.6). These smokers were also more likely to have seen a doctor or other health professional for an emotional or psychologic complaint (OR = 3.0) and to rate their overall health as poorer than average (OR = 2.4). We found strong dose-response relationships for most outcome measures.Conclusions.Cigarette smoking among high school seniors is associated with respiratory tract symptoms and poorer overall physical health and may be a marker for underlying mental health problems. Smoking prevention activities directed at adolescents should include information on the early adverse health consequences of cigarette smoking.