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"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2005 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2005. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) case reports from state and local STD programs; (2) the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, the National Job Training Program (formerly the Job Corps), the Corrections STD Prevalence Monitoring Project, and the Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) Prevalence Monitoring Project; (3) the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP); and (4) national surveys implemented by federal and private organizations. The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide the case report data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid are the data sources of many of the figures and most of the statistical tables in this publication. These systems are an integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention and control in the United States. Because of incomplete diagnosis and reporting, the number of STD cases reported to CDC is less than the actual number of cases occurring in the United States population. Case report data for other STDs are not available because they are not nationally notifiable diseases. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2005 consists of four parts. The National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles contain figures and text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations that are a focus of national and state prevention efforts. The Detailed Tables provide statistical information about STDs at the county, metropolitan statistical area (MSA), regional, state, and national levels. The Appendix includes information on interpreting the STD surveillance data used to produce this report, Healthy People 2010 STD objectives, Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) goals, and STD surveillance case definitions. Selected figures and tables in this document identify goals that reflect progress towards some of the Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) national health status objectives for STDs.1 Appendix Table A3 displays progress made towards the HP2010 targets for STDs. These targets are used as reference points throughout this edition of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2005." - p. vi ; Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Figures in the national profile -- Figures in the special focus profiles -- Tables in the national profile -- Geographic divisions of the United States -- National Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2005 -- -- National Profile -- Introduction -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Other sexually transmitted diseases -- -- Special Focus Profiles -- Introduction -- STDs in women and infants -- STDs in adolescents and young adults -- STDs in racial and ethnic minorities -- STDs in men who have sex with men -- STDs in persons entering corrections facilities -- -- Tables -- National Summary -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Chancroid -- Selected STDs -- -- Appendix: Interpreting STD Surveillance Data -- Table A1. Selected STDs--Percentage of unknown, missing, or invalid values for selected demographic variables by state, 2005 -- Table A2. Reported cases of sexually transmitted disease by sex and reporting source: United States, 2005 -- Table A3. Healthy People 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status -- Table A4. Government Performance Results Act (GPRA) Sexually Transmitted -- Diseases Goals and Measures -- STD surveillance case definitions -- Contributors ; Division of STD Prevention. ; "November 2006." -- t.p. ; "Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the State and Territorial Health Departments and the Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Programs and the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, which provided surveillance data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention." - p. viii ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (2.6 MB, 186 p.). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2005. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, November 2006.

"DHAP's Strategic Plan 2011-2015 (the Plan) is DHAP's blueprint for achieving its vision of a future free of HIV. The Plan reflects the Division's response to new opportunities and imperatives for HIV prevention created by critical shifts in the national, state, and local economic and policy environments, including the July 2010 release of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States (NHAS). It embodies DHAP's commitment to high-impact prevention using scalable, cost-effective interventions with demonstrated potential to reduce new infections, in the right populations, to yield a major impact on the epidemic." - http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/dhap/index.htm ; National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Division of STD Prevention. ; "October 2008." ; "CS122488." ; Mode of access: World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (295.88 KB, 15 p.).

"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2010. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. Prior to the publication of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010, when the percentage of unknown, missing, or invalid values for age group, race/ethnicity, and sex exceeded 50% for any state, the state's incidence and population data were excluded from the tables that presented data stratified by one or more of these variables. For the states for which 50% or more of their data were valid for age group, race/ethnicity, and sex, the values for unknown, missing, or invalid data were redistributed on the basis of the state's distribution of known age group, race/ethnicity, and sex data. Beginning with the publication of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010, redistribution methodology is not applied to any of the data. The counts presented in this report are summations of all valid data reported in reporting year 2010. Because missing data are excluded from calculations of rates by age group, race/ethnicity, and sex, incidence rates by these characteristics, particularly by race/ ethnicity for chlamydia and gonorrhea, appear somewhat lower than in previous reports. The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) notifiable disease reporting from state and local STD programs; (2) projects that monitor STD prevalence in various settings, including regional Infertility Prevention Projects, the National Job Training Program, the STD Surveillance Network, and the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project; and (3) other national surveys implemented by federal and private organizations. The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide the case report data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid, are the data sources of many of the figures and most of the statistical tables in this publication. These systems are an integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention and control in the United States. Because of incomplete diagnosis and reporting, the number of STD cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is less than the actual number of cases occurring in the U.S. population. National summary data of case reports for other STDs are not available because they are not nationally notifiable diseases. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010 consists of four sections: the National Profile, the Special Focus Profiles, the Tables, and the Appendix. The National Profile section contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles section contains figures and text that describe STDs in selected populations that are a focus of national and state prevention efforts. The Tables section provides statistical information about STDs at county, metropolitan statistical area, regional, state, and national levels. The Appendix includes information on how to interpret the STD surveillance data used to produce this report, as well as information about Healthy People 2020 STD objectives and progress toward meeting these objectives, Government Performance and Results Act goals and progress toward meeting these goals, and STD surveillance case definitions." - p. vi ; Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Preface -- Guide to Acronyms -- Figures in the National Profile -- Figures in the Special Focus Profiles -- Tables in the National Profile -- Census regions of the United States -- National overview of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 2010 -- -- National Profile -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Other sexually transmitted diseases -- -- Special Focus Profiles -- STDs in women and infants -- STDs in adolescents and young adults -- STDs in racial and ethnic minorities -- STDs in men who have sex with men -- STDs in persons entering corrections facilities -- -- -- Tables -- National summary -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Chancroid -- Selected STDs -- -- Appendix: Interpreting STD Surveillance Data -- Table A1. Selected STDs--Percentage of Unknown, Missing, or Invalid Values for Selected Variables by State and by Nationally Notifiable STD, 2010 -- Table A2. Reported Cases of STDs by Reporting Source and Sex, United States, 2010 -- Table A3. Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status -- Table A4. Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Sexually Transmitted Diseases Goals and Measures -- STD Surveillance Case Definitions -- Contributors ; Division of STD Prevention. ; "November 2011." -- t.p. ; "STDs." - front cover ; "CS222038." - back cover ; "Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the state and territorial health departments, sexually transmitted disease control programs, regional Infertility Prevention Projects, and public health laboratories. We also acknowledge the contributions of staff within the Division of STD Prevention, the Statistics and Data Management Branch, and the Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch of CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention." - acknowledgements ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an html or an Acrobat .pdf file (8.19 MB, 187 p.). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.

"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2009 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2009. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) notifiable disease reporting from state and local STD programs; (2) projects that monitor STD prevalence in various settings, including regional Infertility Prevention Projects, the National Job Training Program, the Indian Health Service, the STD Surveillance Network, and the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project; and (3) national surveys implemented by federal and private organizations. The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide the case report data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid, are the data sources of many of the figures and most of the statistical tables in this publication. These systems are an integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention and control in the United States. Because of incomplete diagnosis and reporting, the number of STD cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is less than the actual number of cases occurring in the U.S. population. National summary data of case reports for other STDs are not available because they are not nationally notifiable diseases. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2009 consists of four sections: the National Profile, the Special Focus Profiles, the Tables, and the Appendix. The National Profile section contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles section contains figures and text that describe STDs in selected subgroups and populations that are a focus of national and state prevention efforts. The Tables section provides statistical information about STDs at county, metropolitan statistical area, regional, state, and national levels. The Appendix includes information on how to interpret the STD surveillance data used to produce this report, as well as information about Healthy People 2010 STD objectives and progress toward meeting these objectives, Government Performance and Results Act goals and progress toward meeting these goals, and STD surveillance case definitions." - p. vi ; Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Preface -- Guide to Acronyms -- Figures in the National Profile -- Figures in the Special Focus Profiles -- Tables in the National Profile -- Census regions of the United States -- National overview of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 2009 -- -- National Profile -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Other sexually transmitted diseases -- -- Special Focus Profiles -- STDs in women and infants -- STDs in adolescents and young adults -- STDs in racial and ethnic minorities -- STDs in men who have sex with men -- STDs in persons entering corrections facilities -- -- -- Tables -- National summary -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Chancroid -- Selected STDs -- -- Appendix: Interpreting STD Surveillance Data -- Table A1. Selected STDs--Percentage of Unknown, Missing, or Invalid Values for Selected Variables by State and by Nationally Notifiable STD, 2009 -- Table A2. Reported Cases of STDs by Reporting Source and Sex, United States, 2009 -- Table A3. Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status -- Table A4. Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Sexually Transmitted Diseases Goals and Measures -- STD Surveillance Case Definitions -- Contributors ; Division of STD Prevention. ; "November 2010." -- t.p. ; "Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the state and territorial health departments, sexually transmitted disease control programs, regional Infertility Prevention Projects, and public health laboratories. We also acknowledge the contributions of staff within the Division of STD Prevention, the Statistics and Data Management Branch, and the Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch of CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention." - p ii ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an html or an Acrobat .pdf file (6.9 MB, 184 p.) . ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2009. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2011 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2011. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. Prior to the publication of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010, when the percentage of unknown, missing, or invalid values for age group, race/ethnicity, and sex exceeded 50% for any state, the state's incidence and population data were excluded from the tables that presented data stratified by one or more of these variables. For the states for which 50% or more of their data were valid for age group, race/ ethnicity, and sex, the values for unknown, missing, or invalid data were redistributed on the basis of the state's distribution of known age group, race/ethnicity, and sex data. Beginning with the publication of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010, redistribution methodology is not applied to any of the data. The counts presented in this report are summations of all valid data reported in reporting year 2011. Because missing data are excluded from calculations of rates by age group, race/ethnicity, and sex, incidence rates by these characteristics, particularly by race/ ethnicity for chlamydia and gonorrhea, appear somewhat lower than in previous reports. The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) notifiable disease reporting from state and local STD programs; (2) projects that monitor STD positivity and prevalence in various settings, including regional Infertility Prevention Projects, the National Job Training Program, the STD Surveillance Network, and the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project; and (3) other national surveys implemented by federal and private organizations. The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide the case report data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid, are the data sources of many of the figures and most of the statistical tables in this publication. These systems are an integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention and control in the United States. Because of incomplete diagnosis and reporting, the number of STD cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is less than the actual number of cases occurring in the U.S. population. National summary data of case reports for other STDs are not available because they are not nationally notifiable diseases. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2011 consists of four sections: the National Profile, the Special Focus Profiles, the Tables, and the Appendix. The National Profile section contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles section contains figures and text that describe STDs in selected populations that are a focus of national and state prevention efforts. The Tables section provides statistical information about STDs at county, metropolitan statistical area, regional, state, and national levels. The Appendix includes information on how to interpret the STD surveillance data used to produce this report, as well as information about Healthy People 2020 STD objectives and progress toward meeting these objectives, Government Performance and Results Act goals and progress toward meeting these goals, and STD surveillance case definitions. ; Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Preface -- Guide to acronyms -- Figures in the national profile -- Figures in the special focus profiles -- Tables in the national profile -- Census regions of the United States -- National Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), 2011 -- -- National Profile -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Other Sexually transmitted diseases -- -- Special Focus Profiles -- STDs in women and infants -- STDs in adolescents and young adults -- STDs in racial and ethnic minorities -- STDs in men who have sex with men -- STDs in persons entering corrections facilities -- -- Tables -- National sSummary -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Chancroid -- Selected STDs -- -- Appendix -- Interpreting STD Surveillance Data -- Table A1. Selected STDs--percentage of unknown, missing, or invalid values for -- selected variables by state and by nationally notifiable STD, 2011 -- Table A2. Reported cases of STDs by reporting source and sex, United States, 2011 -- Table A3. Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) sexually transmitted diseases objectives -- Table A4. Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) sexually transmitted -- diseases goals, measures, and target -- STD surveillance case definitions -- Contributors ; Division of STD Prevention. ; "Decemberr 2012." -- t.p. ; "STDs." - front cover ; "CS222038." - back cover ; "Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the state and territorial health departments, sexually transmitted disease control programs, regional infertility prevention projects, and public health laboratories that provided surveillance data to CDC." - acknowledgements ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an html or an Acrobat .pdf file (4.91 MB, 184 p.). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2011. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2012.

Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Preface -- Guide to acronyms -- Figures in the national profile -- Figures in the special focus profiles -- Tables in the national profile -- Census regions of the united states -- National overview of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 2008 -- -- National Profile -- Introduction -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) -- -- Special Focus Profiles -- Introduction -- STDs in women and infants -- STDs in adolescents and young adults -- STDs in racial and ethnic minorities -- STDs in men who have sex with men (MSM) -- STDs in persons entering corrections facilities -- -- Tables -- National Summary -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Chancroid -- Selected STDs -- -- Appendix -- Interpreting STD surveillance data -- Table A1. Selected STDs--Percentage of unknown, missing, or invalid values for selected variables by state and by nationally notifiable STD, 2008 -- Table A2. Reported cases of sexually transmitted disease by reporting source and sex: United States, 2008 -- Table A3. Healthy People 2010 sexually transmitted diseases objective status -- Table A4. Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) sexually transmitted diseases goals and measures -- STD surveillance case definitions -- Contributors ; Division of STD Prevention. ; "November 2009." -- t.p. ; "Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the State and Territorial Health Departments, the Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Programs, the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, and Public Health Laboratories. We also acknowledge the contributions of staff within the Division of STD Prevention, the Statistics and Data Management Branch and the Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch." - acknowledgements ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (6.6 MB, 180 p.). ; "Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2008 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2008. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) notifiable disease reporting from state and local STD programs; (2) projects that monitor STD prevalence in various settings including; the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects (IPP); the National Job Training Program; the Indian Health Service; the Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) Prevalence Monitoring Project; the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP); and (3) national surveys implemented by federal and private organizations. The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide the case report data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid are the data sources of many of the figures and most of the statistical tables in this publication. These systems are an integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention and control in the United States. Because of incomplete diagnosis and reporting, the number of STD cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is less than the actual number of cases occurring in the United States population. National summary data of case reports for other STDs are not available because they are not nationally notifiable diseases. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2008 consists of four parts: (1) The National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. (2) The Special Focus Profiles contain figures and text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations that are a focus of national and state prevention efforts. (3) The Detailed Tables provide statistical information about STDs at the county, metropolitan statistical area (MSA), regional, state, and national levels. (4) The Appendix (Interpreting STD Surveillance Data) includes information on interpreting the STD surveillance data used to produce this report; Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) STD objectives and progress toward meeting them; Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) goals and progress toward meeting them; and STD surveillance case definitions." - p. vi ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2008. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; November 2009.

"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2006. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) case reports from state and local STD programs; (2) the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, the National Job Training Program, the Corrections STD Prevalence Monitoring Project, and the Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) Prevalence Monitoring Project; (3) the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP); and (4) national surveys implemented by federal and private organizations. The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide the case report data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid are the data sources of many of the figures and most of the statistical tables in this publication. These systems are an integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention and control in the United States. Because of incomplete diagnosis and reporting, the number of STD cases reported to CDC is less than the actual number of cases occurring in the United States population. Case report data for other STDs are not available because they are not nationally notifiable diseases. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006 consists of four parts. The National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles contain figures and text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations that are a focus of national and state prevention efforts. The Detailed Tables provide statistical information about STDs at the county, metropolitan statistical area (MSA), regional, state, and national levels. The Appendix includes information on interpreting the STD surveillance data used to produce this report, Healthy People 2010 STD objectives, Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) goals, and STD surveillance case definitions." - p. vi ; Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Figures in the national profile -- Figures in the special focus profiles -- Tables in the national profile -- Geographic divisions of the United States -- National overview of sexually transmitted diseases, 2006 -- -- National profile -- Introduction -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis other sexually transmitted diseases -- -- Special focus profiles -- Introduction -- STDs in women and infants -- STDs in adolescents and young adults -- STDs in racial and ethnic minorities -- STDs in men who have sex with men -- STDs in persons entering corrections facilities -- -- Tables -- National summary -- Chlamydia -- Gonorrhea -- Syphilis -- Chancroid -- Selected STDs -- -- Appendix -- Interpreting STD surveillance data -- Table A1. Selected STDs-- percentage of unknown, missing, or invalid values for selected demographic variables by state, 2006 -- Table A2. Reported cases of sexually transmitted disease by sex and reporting source: United States, 2006 -- Table A3. Healthy people 2010 sexually transmitted diseases objective status -- Table A4. Government Performance Results Act (GPRA) sexually transmitted diseases goals and measures -- STD surveillance case definitions -- Contributors. ; Division of STD Prevention. ; "November 2007." ; "Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the State and Territorial Health Departments and the Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Programs and the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, which provided surveillance data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention." - p. viii ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an html or an Acrobat .pdf file (2.6 MB, 192 p.). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, November 2007.