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The article summarizes theoretical aspects of the formation and development of Digital Democracy in Ukraine. The main features of digital democracy are revealed: Digital Democracy assumes that most of its forms are based on the direct participation of citizens in democratic processes; it is characterized by the breadth of coverage of citizens, since everyone connected to the internet space can become a participant in certain democratic processes; one of the essential features of this democracy is its reliance on transparency, informing citizens; Digital Democracy makes the boundaries of individual and public spaces, civil society and state power moving, including the joint search for political solutions, which increases the legitimacy of the latter, etc. Forms of digital democracy can be classified on various grounds, for example, by the source of their origin: forms created by public law institutions in digital reality; forms of democracy in digital reality that have emerged within civil society itself. According to the model of functioning of Digital Democracy: these can be models with mechanisms for using state participation, or based only on civil society, or representing a certain symbiosis of the state and civil society. The content aspects of democratic procedures implemented in digital democracy are revealed: internet voting; network communication of citizens in the internet space; electronic collection of signatures under appeals, petitions, etc.; formation of civil society institutions in digital reality; online conducting of various campaigns, dissemination of political information, mobilization of internet users; online human rights activities; implementation of the controlling function of civil society over various spheres of public life, including state / Municipal Administration through the provision of public disclosure of information in the network (transparency of Information, its availability)and reporting requirements of government structures; implementation of the function of forcing government structures to make decisions produced by civil society, hence, a mixed model of direct and indirect forms of democracy through digital information and communication technologies.

The article considers the features of public relations in local self-government bodies. It is proved that the level of social management directly depends on the specifics of the functioning of public relations services at the local level. The main PR goals for local self-government bodies are defined. A number of trends in the development of public relations of local self-government are clarified: the first trend is their institutionalization, including regulatory and organizational design. The second trend is the expansion of the information and communication resource based on modern technical means and social technologies. The third trend can be considered the formation of information and analytical support for public relations, which is the basis for information and analytical activities of local self – government bodies. It is proved that an absolute transition to symmetrical two-way communications between local authorities and the population is quite possible to achieve if a number of conditions are met: the development of local self-government as a subject of political activity, the decentralization of state power, the participation of citizens in the preparation, adoption, implementation of managerial decisions, the presence of political will among local authorities on the issue of activating the participation of citizens in local self-government. It is proposed to develop a program for the development of public relations of local self-government bodies. It would be advisable to implement such a project in large territorial communities for a period of 3-5 years. This should be a kind of strategy for the development of public relations of the local government, which defines the priorities, goals and main tasks of long-term communication, stages, target groups and work plan with each of them, financing, organizational forms of work, communication directions, functional responsibilities and personnel of public relations services of the local government.

The article considers managerial discourse in the communicative interaction of the state and society. It is determined that in the structure of managerial discourse there are two radically opposed roles in the system of executive management bodies – the subject and object of management or the addressee and recipient of information, since the communication process itself can be traced from these two angles. A number of specific features of management discourse that distinguish it from other types of organizational and managerial activities are clarified, the main ones being impersonality, stability, high level of regulatory regulation, loyalty and state level of responsibility. Managerial discourse, which acts as a link between the state and society, is often identified with the state in the understanding of the general public. Managerial discourse is transformed under the influence of changes in society, but changes in the state and state management bodies are decisive in this process. It is proved that the functions of managerial discourse in the communicative interaction of the state and society are defined by the boundaries of publicity and privacy. The public sphere space can be considered as a management sphere. The boundaries of private space are usually narrowed and localized in a specific location. It is much more correlated with the personality of the individual. Also, management discourse is presented in four component planes: the environment, which means the situation, the type of social event, its purposefulness, ideological and social conditions; the social subject, which is determined by the role relationships, social status, social activity of participants, as well as their personal relationships; the content, including goals and intentions, worldview positions, knowledge of norms and rules of communication, the general fund of knowledge; text from the point of view of such parameters as the topic of speech communication, compositional construction of utterances, attribution to any language genre, and the specifics of the selected language elements for speech interaction).

Aerospace Structures by Eric Raymond Johnson is a 600+ page text and reference book for junior, senior, and graduate-level aerospace engineering students. The text begins with a discussion of the aerodynamic and inertia loads acting on aircraft in symmetric flight and presents a linear theory for the statics and dynamic response of thin-walled straight bars with closed and open cross-sections. Isotropic and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials including temperature effects are modeled with Hookes law. Methods of analyses are by differential equations, Castiglianos theorems, the direct stiffness method, the finite element method, and Lagranges equations. There are numerous examples for the response of axial bars, beams, coplanar trusses, coplanar frames, and coplanar curved bars. Failure initiation by the von Mises yield criterion, buckling, wing divergence, fracture, and by Pucks criterion for FRP composites are presented in the examples. Professors, if you are reviewing this book for adoption in your course, please let us know here . Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are especially encouraged to sign up. LaTeX sourcefiles and ePub are expected for public release in late spring 2022. Stable link for this resource : https://doi.org/10.21061/AerospaceStructures Please report any specific errors here: http://bit.ly/feedback-aerospace-structures Table of Contents 1. Function of Flight Vehicle Structural Members 2. Aircraft Loads 3. Elements of Thin-Walled Bar Theory 4. Some Aspects of the Structural Analysis 5. Work and Energy Methods 6. Applications of Castigliano's Theorems 7. Arches, Rings, and Fuselage Frames 8. Laminated Bars of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 9. Failure Initiation in FRP Compositives 10. Structural Stability of Discrete Conservative Systems 11. Buckling of Columns and Plates 12. Introduction to Aeroelasticity 13. Fracture of Cracked Members 14. Design of a Landing Strut and Wing Spar 15. Direct Stiffness Method 16. Applications of the Direct Stiffness Method 17. Finite Element Method 18. Introduction to Flexible Body Dynamics Appendix A: Linear Elasticity of Solid Bodies Resources Problem sets: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104169 ePub and LaTeX sourcefiles: Expected spring 2022 PDFs (book and chapter-level): Available from the left side of the screen Print (Softcover. Does not include appendix): COMING SOON! About this Book This text is evolved from lecture notes by the author for junior and senior students in the aerospace engineering curriculum at Virginia Tech. The subjects covered in the book presume some knowledge of statics, dynamics of rigid bodies, mechanics of deformable bodies, and mechanical vibrations. Several practice exercises in the text require programming, and typically the students use Mathematica1 or MATLAB 2 software to complete them. Examples in the text were programmed in Mathematica. A first semester sequence for junior students includes chapters 1 through 6. Note that chapter 3 on thinwall bar theory maybe too mathematical for some students, but can be used as a reference for the applications of the theory provided in chapter 4. The important topic of work and energy is covered in chapter 5, and chapter 6 is devoted to the application of Castiglianos theorems to trusses, beams, and frames. A second semester sequence for junior students includes topics selected by the instructor from chapter 7 on curved bars, and chapters 10 through 16. The influence of imperfection sensitivity on the buckling load of discrete systems is presented in chapter 10, followed by buckling of columns and plates in chapter 11. Article 11.2 is optional. Analysis for wing divergence is presented in the introduction to aeroelasticity in chapter 12. The methods of linear elastic fracture mechanics to predict critical loads for crack propagation is discussed in chapter 13. Design of a landing strut, and the optimal design of a spar subject to constraints on yielding, buckling and fracture are presented in chapter 14. Chapters 15 and 16 detail the direct stiffness method for trusses, beams and frames. Topics appropriate for senior students are in chapters 8, 9, 17, and 18, and initial post-buckling in article 11.2. The response of closed and open section bars fabricated from a fiber-reinforced polymer composite (FRP) is presented in chapter 8, and failure initiation of FRP bars is presented in chapter 9. The finite element method applied to the extension and bending of bars is presented in chapter 17, which includes transverse shear deformations. The topic of adaptive mesh refinement in article 17.2.4 is optional. Articles 18.1 to 18.4 cover the dynamic response of lumped mass models, eigenvalue problems, and Lagranges equations. The remainder of chapter 18 utilizes the finite element method for the dynamic response of beams, trusses, and frames. In this textbook analytical methods are developed for the response and failure of the primary structural components of aircraft. Newton's laws of motion, Hooke s law, and the first law of thermodynamics are the basis to model the thermoelastic response of thin-walled, straight bars and coplanar curved bars. Analytical methods include energy principles to develop Castigliano s theorems and to develop the cross-sectional material law for transverse shear and torsion. Stiffened shells typical of aircraft structures are analyzed with the thin-walled bar theory. Externally prescribed loads are due to accelerated flight and the thermal environment. Velocity-load factor (V-n) diagrams for maneuvers and gusts are described to evaluate flight loads. Initiation of failure is predicted by one of the following criteria: von Mises yield criterion for ductile metals; the critical load to cause buckling (failure by excessive displacements); fracture criteria for the critical stress to cause crack propagation; Pucks criterion for the brittle failure modes in fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP). The subject of structural stability of discrete conservative systems introduces the methods of stability analysis, classification of bifurcation buckling problems, the concept of imperfection sensitivity, and snapthrough at a limit point. Static instability of an elastic column from pre-buckling equilibrium, buckling, and through initial post-buckling is presented in detail. Buckling of flat rectangular plates subject to compression and shear is presented in a qualitative way using the classic charts from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The analysis for the static instability of a wing in steady incompressible flow, or divergence, is part of the discussion of aeroelastic phenomena. Results from linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) are introduced to illustrate the relation between crack size and the stress to cause crack propagation. Airplane damage-tolerant design is based on LEFM such that subcritical length cracks do not grow to critical length between inspection intervals. The incentive to study optimal design is illustrated by the example of an aluminum wing spar. The objective is to achieve minimum weight by a search for two design variables. Constraints on yielding, buckling, and fracture are evaluated with the thin-walled bar theory. The analyses are developed for closed and open section bars made from fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The cross-sectional compliance matrix for bars with a closed cross-sectional contour and an open crosssectional contour include shear-extension coupling. The first ply failure envelope for a graphite epoxy circular tube subject to an axial force and torque is determined by Pucks intralaminar criterion. Interlaminar failure, or delamination, is modeled with fracture mechanics, and the method is illustrated by analyses of standard fracture test specimens. Numerical methods for static analysis begin with the direct stiffness method, which originated to model skeletal structures consisting of bars connected by joints. Applications include coplanar trusses, beams and coplanar frames. The finite element method is developed from the integral formulation of the ordinary differential equations of an axial bar and a beam. Analyses for the linear elastic, dynamic response of axial bars, coplanar trusses, beams, and coplanar frames are presented using the finite element method and the mode-separation method. Hamiltons principle and Lagranges equations are developed for discrete mechanical systems. Numerous examples to illustrate the application of the structural analysis are presented in each chapter using either U.S. customary units. or SI units. Suggested citation Johnson, Eric R. (2022) Aerospace Structures. Blacksburg, VA: Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering. https://doi.org/10.21061/AerospaceStructures . Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Acknowledgments The peer-reviewed work is made possible in part by financial and in-kind contributions from the Open Education Initiative at Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech Publishing, and VIVA - The Virtual Library of Virginia. Contributors Co-investigators: Mayuresh Patil, Rakesh Kapania Managing editor and co-investigator: Anita Walz Alt text writer: Joseph Brooks Alt text assistant: Claire Colvin Cover design and selected graphics: Kindred Grey About the Author Eric Raymond Johnson is emeritus professor of aerospace and ocean engineering at Virginia Tech. He earned his doctoral degree in applied mechanics from the University of Michigan in 1976, and from 1976 to 2003 was a member of the engineering faculty at Virginia Tech. Dr. Johnson s research area is composite structures. Research activities include the mechanics of the response and failure of advanced composite material structures with applications to flight and land vehicles, buckling and post-buckling of plates and shells, progressive failure analysis for the prediction of energy absorption in laminated composites and in bonded joints, and fracture mechanics. He has sixty-four publications in structural mechanics, and has been awarded research funding from government agencies and industries. He is a senior member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.