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La innovación social ha sido estudiada desde diferentes posturas de acuerdo con el momento histórico en el que se encuentre su autor. Este documento estudia las tendencias en el abordaje de la innovación social en dos periodos de tiempo, entre 1940 y 1990, y entre 1990 y 2012. Al encontrar dichas tendencias en investigación y documentación de la innovación, también se permite comprender la evolución que ha tenido este fenómeno. En cada periodo se analizan dos tendencias desde las cuales se explica la innovación social: en el primero, como aplicación de la innovación técnica científica y como forma de ayudar a la sociedad. En el segundo, la innovación social desde los innovadores sociales por naturaleza (gobiernos y tercer sector) y, la sociedad como objeto de estudio y fuente misma de innovación ; Social innovation has been studied from different trends according to the historic moment of its researcher. This document studies the trends in social innovation in two terms, between 1940 and 1990, and a second term, between 1990 and 2012. Finding out these trends in researching and documentation on social innovation, it can be understood the evolution of this issue. In each term two trends have been found to explain the process of social innovation: social innovation like application of scientific innovation, social innovation like the way to help out the society, social innovation from natural innovators: governments and third sector, and, society like the object of study and source of social innovation

The Findings from Innovate4Cities 2021 and Update to the Global Research and Action Agenda details the research, policy, and public discussions key to advancing climate research and action in cities. This report documents key outcomes of the Innovate4Cities 2021 Conference (October 2021) and highlights current objectives and motivations, research gaps and priorities. Furthermore, this document presents a regional analysis of research and innovation needs falling under the original GRAA topical research areas and cross cutting issues (Edmonton 2018) and expanding to issues which emerged between the 2018 and 2021 conferences. This report has been developed by Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (GCoM) and UN-Habitat based on the outcomes of 2021 Innovate4Cities Conference co-hosted by UN-Habitat, GCoM and co-sponsored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It is intended to inform research, policy and public discussions on the global research and action agenda for cities and climate change science. The authors have sought to ensure the accuracy of the material in this document, but they will not be liable for any ramifications incurred through the use of this report.