Suchergebnisse

En la historia de la política económica, el fomento de la construcción de vivienda ha sido un tema recurrente. En este artículo se hace un recuento de las diferentes maneras como se ha intentado hacer esto en Colombia a través de la historia moderna. La cuantificación se puede hacer a partir de 1923, una vez creados el Banco de la República y la Superintendencia Bancaria a raíz de las recomendaciones de la Misión Kemmerer. En los años treinta y cuarenta, la principal fuente de crédito para vivienda fue un banco estatal: el Banco Central Hipotecario (BCH). En los años cincuenta y sesenta, esta fuente fue complementada por el Instituto de Crédito Territorial (ICT), y el crédito bancario para vivienda diferente al BCH era mínimo. Solo a partir de los años setenta, en la era del UPAC (unidad de poder adquisitivo constante), el sector bancario formal financió el crédito de largo plazo para vivienda. A partir de los años noventa, el Estado otorga subsidios a familias de bajos ingresos para que estas puedan acceder al crédito para compra de vivienda de interés social. Finalmente, se ensaya promover la construcción durante la crisis económica del 2008, creando un subsidio de tasa de interés para la compra de vivienda popular. Además, la política tributaria se ha usado con el mismo propósito. ; In the history of economic policy in Colombia, the promotion of housing construction has been a recurring theme. In this article the different schemes for promoting housing are described. The period for which a quantified analysis can be done starts in 1923, the year in which the Central Bank (Banco de la República) and the Banking Supervision Agency (Superintendencia Bancaria) were created following recommendations from the Kemmerer Mission. In the 1930's and 1940's the main source of mortgage loans was the Central Mortgage Bank (Banco Central Hipotecario - BCH). In the 1950's and 1960's it was complemented by the National Loans Institute (Instituto de Crédito Territorial - ICT), but mortgage credit outside of BCH was kept to a minimum at other financial institutions. It was not until the 1970's, with the advent of the UPAC system, when other banks started providing long-term ortgage loans. Since the 1990's the government has been subsidizing demand for the acquisition of low-income housing (Vivienda de Interés Social - VIS). Finally, amid the economic crisis of 2008 the government tried to promote the building industry by creating an interest-rate subsidy for housing purchases. In addition policy has been used in different ways for the same end.

A large body of literature has documented negative effects of civil conflict on the educational outcomes of affected children across different countries and historical periods. The opposite is however not obvious. Because conflict can damage educational infrastructure, and violence reductions attract economic activity and thus increase the opportunity cost of schooling, it may take a long time for conflict-affected societies to offset the loss in human capital after violence is over. In this paper we study the effect of Colombia's recent efforts to end the conflict with the FARC insurgency on short-term school dropout rates. Using a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find that the permanent ceasefire declared by FARC during peace negotiations with the government induced a large differential reduction on school dropout rates in the areas most affected by FARC violence prior to the ceasefire, relative to other areas. We show that these results are mainly not driven by the recruitment of children during conflict. Rather, our evidence suggests that most the reduction in school dropout is incentivized by a decrease in the overall victimization in areas that experienced FARC violence. Moreover, the effect of the ceasefire on dropout rates is attenuated by the contemporaneous increase in coca growing in for- mer FARC-affected regions.