Suchergebnisse

In Vietnam rural area, agricultural production is still a main occupational activity of millions laborers and be major income source of them. Despite this important role, it is often debated that the most concerning issue in labor market of Vietnam rural areas is job creation. In other word, the actual capacity of agriculture to create new employment is rather low compare to non-agricultural sectors. This issue leads to the large migration of young, experienced and skilled laborers from rural to urban areas as well as from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors. As a consequence, agricultural labor in many provinces of the country are mostly un-trained and the old aged. This shortage of skilled laborers not only directly affects agricultural production at farm household level but also is a challenge to the implementation of rural renewal targets of the Vietnamese Government. Furthermore, the lack of new job creation for agricultural works in parallel with poor skilled and old aged result in the low wage rate of laborers who work in agricultural sector. This wage rate is equivalent to two-third of the wage of employees in industrial sector, and 50% of the wage of those working in service sector. Not only wage, other forms of value of agricultural employees such as social protection, working condition are also less concerned by employers in rural labor market and the current Vietnam Labor Code neither. In order cope with the shortage of skilled farm labor, rural households in the Red River delta diversify their use of labor by combining family laborers with hired laborers for agricultural activities. Family labor source contains both family farm laborers and family non-farm laborers but still participating in farming activities of the household, especially in the peak season. Within 220 households of the three provinces investigated in this thesis, the highest proportion of family farm laborers is over 45 years old and women are discovered to mostly in charge in agricultural production, especially in rice farming. That is because more non-farm jobs opportunities open for young, healthy, and skilled men rather than women. Hired laborers in agriculture in Bac Ninh, Hai Duong and Thai Binh provinces are divided into two types, seasonal hired laborers and permanent hired laborers. Seasonal laborers are often hired to work in peaking time. In rice farming households, seasonal hired laborers usually work for short period of time such as for the land preparing, transplanting, and harvesting. In clam farming households, seasonal laborers are widely rent in preparing clam plots and harvesting. In general, women are observed to work in seasonal hiring more frequently than men in both household groups. However, seasonal hired laborers are not detected in pig farming group. Alternatively, laborers in this group are hired on a permanent or longer-term basis, normally from three months to a year. When using hired laborers in agricultural production, farm households give the laborers payment that are equivalent to their labor value. Of these payment, wage is considered as the most important value of hired laborers. Basically, the wage is paid in two methods, daily wage for seasonal laborers and monthly wage for permanent ones. The daily wage is applied for farming activities which last within a few days such as manual transplanting, manual harvesting in rice farming or clam harvesting. The daily wage may be paid in piece for activities such as land preparation and spraying pesticide. Whereas, the monthly wage is common for laborers in pig farming and clam plot guarding. The wage is counted for 30 working days. Average monthly wage of a hired laborer is 161 USD in pig farming and 175 USD in clam farming. Thus, wage rate of hired farm labor in the study sites is equivalent to 70% and 66% of the wage of laborers in industrial and service sector, respectively. A part from the wage, there are different forms of labor values paid by the householders through remuneration such as drink, lunch, bonus for good performance and support for sickness. Such remuneration can be paid in cash or in kind which ranges from 0.3 to 9 USD. For hired laborers, labor welfare usually is a luxury metric as they work in farm households with only verbal agreement. Without written contract, they receive no health insurance and social insurance support. Despite the rather low in wage and labor welfare, hired laborers still present the satisfaction with their employment. Wage is a work feature which contributes the most to their satisfaction, relation with householder is the second important factor. This relationship proves a crucial function of social relation in driving labor supply and demand in agricultural labor market rather than an economic one. Similar to many developing countries, imperfect information is a typical characteristic of the agricultural labor market of the Red River delta, Vietnam. This imperfection influences labor demand in terms of raising cost for monitoring hired laborers of farm households. On the other side, labor migration is considered as a determinant impacting on labor supply of the rural labor market. This study discovers a positive correlation between remittance of migrated laborers sending home and wage paid to hired laborers in the pig and clam farming groups. Conversely, the more development of agricultural machinery renting market, the less value that householders have to pay for hiring manual farm laborers. In addition to these external determinants, farm size of household, gender and work experience are internal factors which impact on the wage rate that hired laborers can receive. Among the three household groups, the wage of hired laborers in the clam farming is 3.9% higher than the one in the rice farming group. In order to increase the labor value in agricultural production, several interventions by central government and local authorities at different levels in the Red River delta should be taken into account: (1) including agricultural wage laborers into the governance of labor code; (2) promoting the operation of employment service centers in rural areas; (3) improving work skill of farm laborers above 40 years old through training courses which connect with labor demand in the rural labor market. ; Dans la zone rurale du Vietnam, la production agricole reste une activité professionnelle principale de millions de travailleurs et en est la principale source de revenus. Malgré ce rôle important, il est souvent débattu que la question la plus préoccupante sur le marché du travail des zones rurales du Vietnam est la création d'emplois. En d'autres termes, la capacité réelle de l'agriculture à créer de nouveaux emplois est plutôt faible par rapport aux secteurs non agricoles. Cette question entraîne une forte migration de jeunes travailleurs expérimentés et qualifiés des zones rurales vers les zones urbaines ainsi que de l'agriculture vers les secteurs non agricoles. En conséquence, la main-d'œuvre agricole dans de nombreuses provinces du pays est pour la plupart des personnes non formées et âgées. Cette pénurie/le manque de travailleurs qualifiés affecte non seulement directement la production agricole au niveau des ménages agricoles, mais constitue également un défi pour la mise en œuvre des objectifs de l'innovation rurale du gouvernement vietnamien. En outre, le manque de création de nouveaux emplois pour les travaux agricoles en parallèle avec les personnes peu qualifiées et les personnes âgées se traduit par le faible taux de salaire des travailleurs qui travaillent dans le secteur agricole. Ce taux de salaire est équivalent aux deux tiers du salaire des salariés du secteur industriel et à 50% du salaire de ceux qui travaillent dans le secteur des services. Non seulement le salaire, ni les autres formes de valeur des employés agricoles tels que la protection sociale, les conditions de travail sont également moins concernés par les employeurs du marché du travail rural et le Code du travail Vietnamien actuel. Afin de faire face à la pénurie de main-d'œuvre agricole qualifiée, les ménages ruraux du delta du fleuve Rouge diversifient leur utilisation de la main-d'œuvre en combinant les travailleurs familiaux non rémunérés avec des travailleurs embauchés pour les activités agricoles. La source de main-d'œuvre familiale comprend à la fois des travailleurs des familles agricoles et des travailleurs des familles non agricoles, mais participant toujours aux activités agricoles du ménage, en particulier pendant la haute saison. Au sein de 220 ménages des trois provinces étudiées dans cette thèse, la proportion la plus élevée de travailleurs des familles agricoles a plus de 45 ans et les femmes se retrouvent principalement responsables de la production agricole, en particulier de la riziculture. C'est parce que plus d'opportunités d'emplois non agricoles s'ouvrent aux hommes jeunes, en bonne santé et qualifiés plutôt qu'aux femmes. Les travailleurs embauchés dans l'agriculture dans les provinces de Bac Ninh, de Hai Duong et de Thai Binh sont divisés en deux types, les travailleurs saisonniers et les travailleurs permanents. Les travailleurs saisonniers sont souvent embauchés pour travailler en période de pointe. Dans les ménages de la riziculture, les travailleurs saisonniers embauchés travaillent généralement pendant une courte période, par exemple pour la préparation des sols, la transplantation et la récolte. Dans les ménages d'éleveurs de palourdes, les travailleurs saisonniers sont largement loués pour la préparation des parcelles de palourdes et la récolte. En général, on observe que les femmes travaillent en embauche saisonnière plus fréquemment que les hommes dans les deux groupes de ménages. Cependant, les travailleurs saisonniers embauchés ne sont pas observés dans le groupe d'élevage de porcs. Alternativement, les travailleurs dans ce groupe sont embauchés sur une base permanente ou à plus long terme, normalement de trois mois à un an. Lorsqu'ils utilisent des travailleurs embauchés dans la production agricole, les ménages des familles agricoles versent aux travailleurs une rémunération équivalente à leur valeur de travail. De ces paiements, le salaire est considéré comme la valeur la plus importante des travailleurs embauchés. Fondamentalement, le salaire est payé selon deux méthodes, le salaire journalier pour les travailleurs saisonniers et le salaire mensuel pour les travailleurs permanents. Le salaire journalier est appliqué pour les activités agricoles qui durent quelques jours comme le transplantation manuelle, la récolte manuelle en riziculture ou la récolte de palourdes. Le salaire journalier peut être payé en proportion de l'ouvrage effectué pour des activités telles que la préparation des sols et la pulvérisation de pesticides. Tandis que, le salaire mensuel est commun pour les travailleurs dans l'élevage porcin et la garde des parcelles de palourdes. Le salaire est calculé pendant 30 jours ouvrables. Le salaire mensuel moyen d'un ouvrier embauché est de 161 USD dans l'élevage porcin et de 175 USD dans l'élevage de palourdes. En moyenne, le taux de salaire de la main-d'œuvre agricole embauchée dans les sites d'étude équivaut à 70% et 66% du salaire des ouvriers du secteur industriel et des services, respectivement. Hormis le salaire, il existe différentes formes de valeur du travail payées par les ménages par le biais de rémunérations telles que la boisson, le déjeuner, la prime aux bonnes performances et le soutien en cas de maladie. Cette rémunération peut être versée en espèces ou en nature dans la gamme de 0,3 à 9 USD. Pour les travailleurs embauchés, le bien-être du travail est souvent un droit luxueux, car ils travaillent dans des ménages agricoles avec accord verbal seulement. Sans contrat écrit, ils ne reçoivent ni assurance maladie ni soutien aux assurances sociales. Malgré le salaire et le bien-être du travail plutôt bas, les travailleurs embauchés présentent toujours la satisfaction de leur emploi. Le salaire est une caractéristique du travail qui contribue le plus à leur satisfaction, la relation avec le chef de ménage est le deuxième facteur important. Cette relation s'avère une fonction cruciale de la relation sociale pour stimuler l'offre et la demande de main-d'œuvre sur le marché du travail agricole plutôt que sur l'économie. Similaire à de nombreux pays en développement, les informations imparfaites sont une caractéristique typique du marché du travail agricole du delta du fleuve Rouge, au Vietnam. Cette imperfection influe sur la demande de main-d'œuvre en termes d'augmentation des coûts de surveillance des travailleurs salariés des ménages agricoles. D'un autre côté, la migration de main-d'œuvre est considérée comme un facteur déterminant de l'offre de main-d'œuvre du marché du travail rural. Cette thèse découvre une corrélation positive entre les transferts d'argent des travailleurs migrants renvoyés chez eux et le salaire payé aux travailleurs embauchés dans les groupes d'élevage de porcs et de palourdes. Inversement, plus le marché de la location de machines agricoles est développé, moins les ménages doivent payer pour embaucher des ouvriers agricoles. En plus de ces déterminants externes, la taille de la ferme du ménage, le sexe et l'expérience professionnelle sont des facteurs internes qui influent sur le taux de salaire que les travailleurs embauchés peuvent recevoir. Parmi les trois groupes de ménages, le salaire des travailleurs embauchés dans l'élevage de palourdes est supérieur de 3.9% à celui du groupe de la riziculture. Afin d'augmenter la valeur du travail dans la production agricole, plusieurs interventions du gouvernement central et des autorités locales à différents niveaux dans le delta du fleuve Rouge devraient être prises en compte: (1) inclure les travailleurs du salaire agricole dans la gouvernance du code du travail; (2) promouvoir le fonctionnement des centres de services d'emploi dans les zones rurales; (3) améliorer des compétences professionnelles des travailleurs agricoles de plus de 40 ans grâce à des cours de formation liés à la demande de main-d'œuvre sur le marché du travail rural.

Because of the great benefits overseas investment brings, countries and businesses are increasingly concerned with the question of an ideal investment destination. Many studies have shown that, factors of the consumption market, the infrastructure and resources, economic and political environment have a significant impact on the decision to choose an investment location, however the priority order of these factors are different for various research spaces. By studying the specific case of Viettel Group - one of the largest telecommunications groups in Vietnam that is having many international investment activities in recent years, the study has been verified the priority order of factors influencing the decision to choose an overseas investment location of this corporation. The research outcomes show that the group of factors that have the most influence on investment decisions is the group "Consumption market", more specifically, the sub-factor "Market Size" is considered more than the others. Keywords: Investment Destinations, Foreign Investment Decision, Analytic Hierarchy Process.

Although artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been widely used in the insurance industry at a global scale, studies examining the adoption of AI technology in emerging markets are few and far between. This paper fills this gap by using Cronbach's alpha, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model (SEM) to discover significant factors affecting their behavioral intentions to adopt AI technology in Vietnam, a developing country. Data is collected from nearly 470 employees in Vietnamese non-life insurance firms. Empirical findings show that the most important determinant influencing the adoption of AI technology in Vietnamese non-life insurers is attitudes toward adoption. Attitudes toward adoption are positively related to the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, consistent with Gupta et al. (2022). Although perceived risk has a negative influence on the behavioral intention to adopt AI technology, it is not a serious issue for insurance companies.

This study aims to estimate the level of satisfaction about resettlement arrangements for local people who have been affected by A Luoi hydroelectric construction project in the Thua Thien Hue province. This research used the Likert scale method to assess the satisfaction level of 98 households living in two of the resettlement sites. Results illustrate that there is variations in the level of satisfaction of local people in the two resettlement sites, Hong Thuong and Hong Ha. In the resettlement area (RA) of the Hong Thuong Commune, people are dissatisfied with the location arrangement. There is a lack of quality in the houses built, been damaged, cracked and degraded, since the construction design is not appropriate for the customs and practices of local people, with a satisfaction rating of 1.07. Meanwhile, at the resettlement site of the Hong Ha commune, people felt satisfied with the arrangement site of the RA and allocated residential land area with the satisfaction rating of 4.19. Our results will help the government, as well as the project owners, to understand the points of dissatisfaction of local people in order to have accordant solutions, ensuring the stable life for local people in those settlement areas. ; Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích đánh giá được mức độ hài lòng của người dân về việc bố trí tái định cư (TĐC) cho người dân bị ảnh hưởng bởi dự án xây dựng thuỷ điện A Lưới, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Nghiên cứu đã sử dụng phương pháp thang đo Likert để đánh giá mức độ hài lòng của 98 hộ dân sống tại hai khu tái định cư Hồng Thượng và Hồng Hạ. Kết quả nghiên cứu đã cho thấy có sự khác nhau về mức độ hài lòng của người dân tại hai khu TĐC. Tại khu TĐC Hồng Thượng người dân thấy không hài lòng về địa điểm bố trí TĐC, nhà ở được xây dựng thiếu chất lượng đã bị hư hỏng, nứt nẻ xuống cấp, thiết kế xây dựng không phù hợp với phong tục, tập quán của người dân địa phương, với chỉ số đánh giá hài lòng là 1,07. Trong khi đó, tại khu TĐC xã Hồng Hạ người dân lại thấy hài lòng về điểm bố trí TĐC và diện tích đất ở được cấp, với chỉ số đánh giá hài lòng là 4,19. Kết quả nghiên cứu của đề tài sẽ giúp cho chính quyền cũng như chủ đầu tư dự án nắm rõ những điểm không hài lòng của người dân để có hướng giải quyết phù hợp nhằm đảm bảo cuộc sống ổn định cho người dân tại nơi tái định cư.

This study aims to estimate the level of satisfaction about resettlement arrangements for local people who have been affected by A Luoi hydroelectric construction project in the Thua Thien Hue province. This research used the Likert scale method to assess the satisfaction level of 98 households living in two of the resettlement sites. Results illustrate that there is variations in the level of satisfaction of local people in the two resettlement sites, Hong Thuong and Hong Ha. In the resettlement area (RA) of the Hong Thuong Commune, people are dissatisfied with the location arrangement. There is a lack of quality in the houses built, been damaged, cracked and degraded, since the construction design is not appropriate for the customs and practices of local people, with a satisfaction rating of 1.07. Meanwhile, at the resettlement site of the Hong Ha commune, people felt satisfied with the arrangement site of the RA and allocated residential land area with the satisfaction rating of 4.19. Our results will help the government, as well as the project owners, to understand the points of dissatisfaction of local people in order to have accordant solutions, ensuring the stable life for local people in those settlement areas. Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích đánh giá được mức độ hài lòng của người dân về việc bố trí tái định cư (TĐC) cho người dân bị ảnh hưởng bởi dự án xây dựng thuỷ điện A Lưới, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Nghiên cứu đã sử dụng phương pháp thang đo Likert để đánh giá mức độ hài lòng của 98 hộ dân sống tại hai khu tái định cư Hồng Thượng và Hồng Hạ. Kết quả nghiên cứu đã cho thấy có sự khác nhau về mức độ hài lòng của người dân tại hai khu TĐC. Tại khu TĐC Hồng Thượng người dân thấy không hài lòng về địa điểm bố trí TĐC, nhà ở được xây dựng thiếu chất lượng đã bị hư hỏng, nứt nẻ xuống cấp, thiết kế xây dựng không phù hợp với phong tục, tập quán của người dân địa phương, với chỉ số đánh giá hài lòng là 1,07. Trong khi đó, tại khu TĐC xã Hồng Hạ người dân lại thấy hài lòng về điểm bố trí TĐC và diện tích đất ở được cấp, với chỉ số đánh giá hài lòng là 4,19. Kết quả nghiên cứu của đề tài sẽ giúp cho chính quyền cũng như chủ đầu tư dự án nắm rõ những điểm không hài lòng của người dân để có hướng giải quyết phù hợp nhằm đảm bảo cuộc sống ổn định cho người dân tại nơi tái định cư.

Membrane technology has become an indispensable part of our daily lives. The rapid growth of membrane technology has been breeding an unavoidable yet critical challenge─the unsustainable disposal of used membranes. Commercial polymer membranes are fabricated from fossil-based monomers and polymers that are not biodegradable. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop membranes that are sustainable from cradle to grave, i.e., both bioderived and biodegradable. Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers that are biodegradable upon disposal. However, it is only soluble in a handful of solvents, limiting its fabrication into membranes at an industrial scale. To circumvent this bottleneck, in this work, we propose a sustainable and scalable method to fabricate cellulose membranes from cellulose acetate with a sacrificial acetate group. The proposed method allows cellulose membrane fabrication utilizing green solvents, and the fabrication procedure is sustainable with minimal solvent consumption. One of the most appealing applications of cellulose membranes is organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). It is an emerging technology to separate solutes in nanoprecision in harsh organic solvents, requiring solvent-stable materials. Surprisingly, the cellulose membranes exhibited unique transport behaviors, with solute rejection ranging from 100 to −100% depending on the solvent medium. Such trends were not previously observed in the OSN literature, and the underlying mechanism was thoroughly investigated. Importantly, the membranes were completely biodegradable in a carbon-neutral manner upon disposal. The life cycle of cellulose membranes was compared with that of conventional OSN membranes in a qualitative and comparative study. The proposed methodology can be applied to substitute fossil-based polymers in all aspects of membrane technology, and it has the potential to become a sustainable fabrication platform for membrane materials. ; This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (Nos. 2020R1C1C100787612 and 2021M3H4A1A0409288511). The postdoctoral fellowship from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) is gratefully acknowledged (S.K.). The research reported in this publication was supported by funding from KAUST.

Our objective is to analyze the economic burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Vietnam, particularly in District 2 Hospital at Ho Chi Minh City in 2019. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data source is the medical records of the patients. Encoding the data, analyzing treatment cost, regression modeling, and verification were performed using Stata 15 software. Patients with stage 3 CKD account for the highest proportion of the CKD patient population. CKD comorbidities include hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and anemia, which increase the treatment fees of patients. Approximately half of the patients with CKD have diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Treatment costs increase as the condition of the patient worsens (except for stage 1 and 2 CKD). The total expenses of all CKD patients in District 2 Hospital were USD 916 423 988.60. Five main factors that affect the treatment fee of a patient: CKD stage, age, gender, and the presence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and anemia. The regression model correctly predicts 96% of cases and can explain 64.15% of the fluctuations in costs. The cost of CKD treatment was higher than Vietnam's per capita GDP in 2019, and the primary factors affecting costs are comorbidities and dialysis.