Suchergebnisse

This article focuses on the availability of interim measures in the context of applications for annulment of EU legal acts. Articles 278 and 279 TFEU foresee the suspension of the operation of the contested act, or the granting of other interim measures, as an exception if certain strict conditions are met. Recent changes in the case law of the EU Courts have brought a more flexible interpretation of these conditions. However, two structural limitations to the availability of interim measures remain which may seem questionable. The first limitation relates to the demonstration that the application of the contested act would lead to damage of an "irreparable nature". The second limitation concerns the absence of "pre-proceedings" or ante causam interim measures that would allow for an early suspension of the operation of an act even before the introduction of the application for annulment
interim measures, General Court, presumption of legality, right to provisional protection

Ethno-cultural stereotypes are the result of comparing one´s own culture, customs, traditions with that of strangers, identifying and fixing differences between the cultures of ethnic groups. Stereotypical images of different peoples exist even in the minds of those people who had no experience in communication with representatives of these ethnic groups. However, the results of the study of ethnic stereotypes of people who are in direct contact with this ethnic group and see it up close in comparison to people who evaluate it from a distance, often raises more questions than gives clear answers. The solution of these questions raises before the researcher a whole complex of methodological problems. The article will introduce a new methodological approach to reveal ethno-cultural stereotypes in the text culture and in our contemporaries' common sense perception. To distinguish between people's individual perception of a particular ethnos and collective stereotypes, the following qualitative and quantitative criteria are suggested: 1) bipolar orthonormal core axes of parameter distribution; 2) the significance of the axis; 3) the degree of consistency of parameters distributed on the axis; 4) the weighting coefficient of testee's reaction.

__Abstract__ This article explores the introduction of performance measurement tools in new democracies by presenting a qualitative study based on Estonian governmental documents and performance audits. A set of specific factors help to explain difficulties in introducing performance measurement tools in immature policy environments: instability, poor strategic planning and policy analysis, an implementation gap and uncritical, uninformed transfer of Western performance management initiatives. Although the authors recognize the limits of generalizations based on the Estonian example, the presence of such 'transitional' factors is likely to make the development of performance measurement in new democracies even more complicated than in the West.