Wage Arrears and Protest Behavior: What Do We Learn from Russia's Financial Crisis?
In: Comparative economic studies, Band 55, Heft 2, S. 359-379
ISSN: 1478-3320
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In: Comparative economic studies, Band 55, Heft 2, S. 359-379
ISSN: 1478-3320
In: Comparative Economic Studies, Band 55, Heft 2, S. 359-379
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Working paper
In: IZA journal of labor & development, Band 4, Heft 1
ISSN: 2193-9020
In: IZA journal of labor & development, Band 4, Heft June, S. 19
In: IZA journal of labor & development, Band 4, S. 19
ISSN: 2193-9020
In: Economics of transition, Band 15, Heft 2, S. 341-364
ISSN: 1468-0351
AbstractThis paper examines rates of return to schooling in Kazakhstan using OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) and instrumental variable (IV) methodologies. We use spouse's education and smoking as instruments. We find that spouse's education is a valid instrument and that conventional OLS estimates that assume the exogenous nature of schooling, and hence do not control for endogeneity bias, may underestimate the true rates of return. The results indicate that the returns to schooling in Kazakhstan have increased with transition. This may reflect the relative scarcities of highly educated people in Kazakhstan with human capital that employers require and, following the market reforms, reward accordingly.
In: IZA Discussion Paper No. 2462
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In: IZA Discussion Paper No. 14133
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