Suchergebnisse

The debate on where Europe's external borders lie has been rekindled by the extension of the EU eastward. Indeed, the fact that the transformation of postcommunist societies has not run completely in parallel has led to a new dividing line, between those candidates that have successfully campaigned for entry into the EU, & the only partially successful states of the former Soviet Union. However, the particular problems facing the easternmost reform states, particularly Russia, do not make it justifiable to question whether Russia belongs to Europe -- a Europe over whose boundaries the EU does not have sole jurisdiction. Adapted from the source document.

The classification of the postcommunist reform states as countries in transition seems reasonable, in that it expresses their common past, the radical change they are undergoing, & their orientation toward Western societies. The theories that should explain the different successes of transition or transformation of those societies yield different results. Theories of economic liberalization, democratic consolidation, or the transformation of complex institutional orders locate different central problems of transition & operate with divergent success criteria, which correspond to competing political reform approaches. Whether, under Russia's elites, an imperial self-conception will allow extensive institutional reconstruction, as has occurred in adjoining countries, remains undetermined. Adapted from the source document.

A discussion of deception operations conducted by the allies in WWII based on two examples of such activities in Sicily & Norway, analyzed from a German viewpoint. Methodological problems are reviewed, & it is suggested that a deception history must first determine the nature of intelligence itself. The two examples illustrate how difficult it is to assess the influence a deception operation had on the course of events. It is concluded that intelligence history, & especially deception history, can only be effectively analyzed in a larger context. 2 Maps. F. Rasmussen