Suchergebnisse

This paper focuses on a set of preparatory mobilization measures taken in the Soviet economy in case of war during the first Five-Year Plan. The foreign-policy crisis of 1927, terrorist attacks, military threat and the "march into socialism" prompted the leaders of the USSR to take urgent steps aimed at establishing a system of economic mobilization and developing special mobilization schemes of reserving resources to repulse the acts of aggression. As a result, in the late 1920s, the USSR, for the first time ever, created a well-built system of economic mobilization with the central mobilization body, departments and local mob units. This system remained almost unchanged until the onset of the Great Patriotic War. Alongside with the new structures and system of mobilization planning in the USSR, the nation developed a methodology for compiling mobilization plans. This work was challenging due to new and complex tasks, an acute shortage of resources, as well as the simultaneous collectivization and industrialization amidst the breakdown of the NEP and the transition to a planned distribution system.

The purpose of this article is the analysis of new stage in American space fiction cinema's history, which started from the XXI century and set the new directions for genre, which were shown in movies "The Martian" (2015, director — R. Scott), "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014, director — J. Gunn), "Interstellar" (2014, director — K. Nolan), "Thor" (2011, director — K. Brannah), "Ad Astra" (2019, director — J. Gray), "Avengers" (2012, director — J. Whedon).
The methodology of this article includes the use of historical, comparative and systematic methods. Each of these methods helps to reveal the place of space fiction's new era in the whole history of this genre in XX–XXI centuries, and to find the cultural senses and messages, which the new stage proposes to society.
The results of this work present a detailed survey of newest stage of American cinema space fiction in XXI century and key directions, for which the new films are produced. Moreover, this work reveals how these directions from new stage influence on the genre's perspectives and development in the future.
The scientific novelty of the research. This work fills the gap of cultural studies dedicated to the topic of the article, as the vast majority of materials that analyze the theme of fantasy in cinema are humanitarian.
The practical significance of the article. The article will be useful for scholars who want to expand their knowledge on the topic mentioned in the title, as well as for anyone interested in cinema, science fiction, American cinematography and media culture in general.

This paper discloses a general psychological portrait of astronaut, which is shown in latest American space fiction films of XXI century. The purpose of this article is to find the most typical psychological features of astronauts, which are presented in films "Interstellar" (2014, director — K. Nolan), "The Martian" (2015, director — R. Scott), "Ad Astra" (2019, director — J. Gray).
The methodology of this article includes the using of axiological, systematic and comparative methods. Each of these methods helps to discover three important moral traits, which form the astronaut's nature and personality.
The results of this article are a primary investment to the researches, which are dedicated to the modern era of American cinema space fiction.
The scientific novelty of this work lies in systematic review of American space fiction films, which belong to modern and actual realistic vector of storytelling, where the space fiction genre realizes it's development nowadays.

What explains the central role of the dollar in world trade? Will the US currency retain its dominant status in the future? This paper develops a quantitative general equilibrium framework with endogenous currency choice that can address these questions. Complementarities in price setting and input-output linkages across firms generate complementarities in currency choice making exporters coordinate on the same currency of invoicing. The dollar is more likely to play this role because of the large size of the US economy, a widespread peg to the dollar, and the history dependence in currency choice. Calibrated using the world input-output tables and exchange rate moments, the model can successfully replicate the key empirical facts about the use of currencies at the global level, across countries, and over time. According to the counterfactual analysis, the peg to the dollar in other economies ensures that the US currency is unlikely to lose its global status because of the falling US share in the world economy, but can be replaced by the renminbi in case of a negative shock in the US economy. If the peg is abandoned, the world is likely to move to a new equilibrium with multiple regional currencies. (JEL D21, E31, E42, F14, F31, F33)