Suchergebnisse

Manfred Liebel y Marta Martínez MuñozResumenLa investigación de la infancia, incluso cuando se concibe como investigación participativa, se mueve dentro de un corsé académico en el que el poder está desigualmente distribuido y los intereses y perspectivas de los niños sólo se expresan de forma limitada. Los adultos investigadores que quieren hacer justicia a estos intereses y perspectivas tienen que asumir el riesgo de no sólo entender a los niños como parte de un proyecto de investigación predefinido, sino de reconocerlos como investigadores por derecho propio y, si es necesario, apoyarlos en ello. En este ensayo se analizan las dificultades y desafíos que ello implica y se dan ejemplos de las oportunidades especiales de conocimiento que ofrece la investigación dirigida por niños y las formas en que éstos pueden beneficiarse de ella.Palabras claveInvestigación de la infancia; investigación participativa; adultos como co-investigadores; investigación dirigida por niños; beneficios para niños ResumoA investigação infantil, mesmo quando concebida como investigação participativa, move-se dentro de um espartilho académico em que o poder é distribuído de forma desigual e os interesses e perspectivas das crianças só são expressos de forma limitada. Os adultos investigadores que querem fazer justiça a estes interesses e perspectivas têm de correr o risco de não só compreender as crianças como parte de um projecto de investigação pré-definido, mas também de as reconhecer como investigadoras por direito próprio e, se necessário, de as apoiar nesse sentido. O documento discute as dificuldades e os desafios envolvidos e dá exemplos das oportunidades especiais de conhecimento oferecidas pela investigação liderada por crianças e das formas como as crianças podem beneficiar dela.Palavras-chaveInvestigação infantil; investigação participativa; adultos como co-investigadores; investigação conduzida por crianças; benefícios para as criançasAbstractChildhood research, even when conceived as participatory research, moves within an academic corset in which power is unequally distributed and children's interests and perspectives are only expressed to a limited extent. Researching adults who want to do justice to these interests and perspectives have to take the risk of not only understanding children as part of a predefined research project, but of recognizing them as researchers in their own right and, if necessary, supporting them in this. The paper discusses the difficulties and challenges involved and gives examples of the special knowledge opportunities offered by child-led research and the ways in which children can benefit from it.KeywordsChildhood research; participatory research; adults as co-researchers; child-led research; benefits to children

Durante mas de 30 anos el desarrollo agropecuario cubano siguio el modelo de la modernizacion: monocultivo en grandes extensiones, uso intensivo de maquinaria, fertilizantes y herbicidas petroquimicos. Tal modelo de desarrollo, altamente dependiente del petroleo y sus derivados importados, se hace inviable durante la contraccion economica actual, causada principalmente por la desaparicion del CAME y el incrementado bloqueo estadounidense. Una de las adaptaciones flexibles a la nueva situacion es el desarrollo acelerado de la biotecnologia agricola, con la extension masiva de la produccion de biopesticidas, biofertilizantes y vitroplantas durante los ultimos anos. (Cuad Afr Am Lat/DÜI)

(analytical)The participation of children in research implies an epistemic change with clear methodological implications. In this text we present a novel tool for research with children and adolescents: the SMAT (Dreams, Fears, Joys and Sorrows). It is a version of the analysis of weaknesses, threats, strengths andopportunities (SWOT) adapted to the experiential and discursive reality of children that has shown itsviability in research with children, even during the pandemic context. The text clarifies the methodological logic of the tool, provides keys for its use and presents examples of results obtained in different contexts (originating in participatory research but also showing its usefulness in conventional research designs) that show its versatility and relevance for the study of the discourse of the child population.
Keywords: Childhood; methodology; participation.

El libro replantea los derechos de la niñez desde la perspectiva de las infancias excluidas, oprimidas y colonizadas. Muestra maneras de comprender estos derechos y sus significados para una práctica solidaria que fortalezca la posición social de las niñas y los niños. Para ello, reconstruye la historia emancipadora oculta de los derechos de la niñez e identifica los principales retos para futuros estudios. En un debate crítico con el adultocentrismo, el libro presenta posibles alternativas de participación política y justicia intergeneracional. De este modo, contribuye a reinterpretar lo popular desde la perspectiva de las infancias populares y sus contra-derechos, afinando así el perfil de un protagonismo popular infantil.

Se ha estimado la producción de biomasa (área y radical) y la fijación de CO2 para las 32 principales especies forestales de nuestros bosques (13 coníferas, 15 frondosas y 4 de laurisilva y fayal-brezal) y para los grupos de "otras coníferas", "otras frondosas" y "otras laurisilva" consideradas en el Inventario Forestal Nacional. Los resultados muestran que los bosques españoles fijan actualmente alrededor del 19% de las emisiones totales de CO2 producidas en España, lo cual les confiere un papel trascendental en el ciclo del carbono. Asimismo, los bosques españoles tienen almacenados más de 2858 millones de toneladas de CO2, constituyendo un reservorio de gran importancia que es preciso gestionar con esmero. Los bosque españoles almacenaron, en 2004, más de 1593 millones de toneladas de biomasa (materia seca). [Texto de la editorial]

Habitualmente los derechos de la infancia se asocian, casi de forma exclusiva, a la necesidad de proteger a los niños y niñas por su especial condición de vulnerabilidad. De esta forma se pone en evidencia no sólo el desequilibrio entre los tres principios básicos recogidos en la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño de 1989 (en adelante Convención): protección, provisión y participación, sino también el desconocimiento de la Convención y la resistencia que generan algunos derechos recogidos en la misma. En este sentido, la infancia, como parte de la ciudadanía, en ocasiones puede ver mermada sus posibilidades de estar presente de manera activa en los diferentes entornos en los que se desarrolla su vida, tal y como se reconoce en la Convención. Este artículo recoge, en versión reducida, las principales conclusiones obtenidas en un estudio centrado en conocer los discursos adultos sobre los derechos de la infancia en general, y los derechos políticos en particular realizado en la Comunidad de Madrid. ; Children's Rights are usually linked to the necessity to protect children due to their condition of vulnerability. But this reveals the ignorance of the Convention of Children's Rights from 1989, with its three principles: protect, provision and participation. As this Convention recognise, childhood could be excluded from the participation in different contexts. This work describe the main findings of an study that looks on adult's discourse about children's rights, and particularly the political rights of children, which took place in Madrid

Structural adhesives are commonly used to bond Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials to Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures so they can withstand service conditions. This paper presents an experimental study on the combined effect of sustained loading and service steady and cyclic temperatures on the thermophysical and mechanical properties of an epoxy adhesive. Four experimental series consisting of nine adhesive tensile dog-bone specimens were tested under sustained loading and temperatures ranging between 18 °C and 43 °C for a duration of 1000 h. Moreover, the residual properties of the adhesive have been evaluated through instantaneous tensile tests and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) after sustained loading tests. Results showed a significant increase in strain with time, a reduction in the mechanical properties, and an increase in the glass transition temperature and curing degree of the adhesive after the exposure at service conditions and sustained loading. From this work it could be concluded that the combination of sustained loading and service temperatures have a significant effect on the creep behaviour of the adhesive, and cyclic temperatures have a greater effect on the adhesive even though the average temperature is below the steady temperature. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Government (MINECO) [Project Ref. BIA2017-84975-C2-2-P]; the University of Girona [grant IFUdG2018/28 and MOB2019]; and the Generalitat de Catalunya [grant number 2019FI_B 00054]

This paper presents a study of the effect of high service temperature (near or beyond glass transition temperature (Tg) of structural epoxy adhesive) on the behavior of near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The study includes experimental work as well as analytical and numerical analysis. To this end, fourteen beams have been tested up to failure in two different series. In series 1, specimens with three different CFRP areas have been tested at two different temperatures (i.e., 20 and 40 °C). In series 2, and with the aim of evaluating the effect of higher temperatures, only one CFRP area was tested under four different temperatures (i.e., 20, 60, 70, and 85 °C). Experimental results are evaluated in terms of load-deflections, failure modes, and bond performance. Furthermore, the experimental load-deflection curves are satisfactorily compared to both analytical predictions and finite element (FE) numerical simulations. In both cases, shrinkage and temperature effects on the short-term response of flexural elements have been accounted for. No significant reduction in stiffness and ultimate load was observed for specimens being tested up to 60 °C (in the range of epoxy Tg), showing FRP rupture failure in all of them. For specimens under 70 and 85 °C, the failure mode changed from FRP rupture to FRP end debonding and concrete crushing, respectively ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government (MINECO) [Project Ref. BIA2017-84975-C2-2-P]; the Generalitat de Catalunya [grant number 2019FI_B 00054] and the University of Girona [grant number IFUdG2018/28]

This paper presents a study into bond behaviour under sustained loading of Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) concrete joints, through an experimental programme and a numerical analysis. The experimental programme consisted of eight NSM CFRP-concrete pull-out specimens tested under sustained loading and laboratory conditions (20 °C and 55%HR) inside a climatic chamber. Previously, the instantaneous bond behaviour of the NSM CFRP-concrete joint was studied using 18 specimens tested until failure. Furthermore, the tensile behaviour of the adhesive under instantaneous and sustained loading was studied at different loading levels under the same environmental conditions. Finally, a numerical procedure was proposed to predict the bonded joint response under sustained loading. A creep coefficient and a strength reduction factor were applied to the instantaneous bond-slip law to simulate the degrading effect the sustained loading had on the behaviour of the bonded joint. Good agreement between the experimental and numerical results was obtained for the tested parameters, however, further research needs to be carried out in order to extrapolate this methodology to other cases ; This work was supported by the Spanish Government (MINECO) [Project Ref. BIA2017-84975-C2-2-P]; the University of Girona [grant number IFUdG2018/28]; and the Generalitat de Catalunya [grant number 2019FI_B 00054]

Introduction: Currently ocular combat injuries are complex and associated with poor visual outcomes. Our objective is to characterize the military population that suffer land mine combat ocular trauma in Colombia and indentify the type of wound, treatment and visual outcomes. Methods: Retrospectively review of medical history of soldiers evaluated in Pablo Tobon Uribe Hospital, whom had land mine trauma during January of 2004 and December 2012. Results: 635 soldiers had land mine trauma, 153 of them had ocular trauma (226 eyes). Open ocular trauma was observed in 29.6%. The Ocular Trauma Score was calculated in 183 eyes, the initial visual acuity was not possible to be reported in the rest of them; the 45% of the eyes were classified in category 3. Three patients had no light perception in both eyes. 97.3% of the eyes received medical treatment and 49.1% had surgery also. Primary evisceration was made in 5.8% and enucleation in 1.8%. Intraocular foreign body was observed by ultrasonography in 11.1% and in 5.8% by orbital tomography. Eleven patients were legally blind at discharge. Conclusions: The ocular trauma related to a landmine is highly destructive at an ocular level. The treatments associated with better visual outcomes are primary closure of globe and systemic antibiotics; although the characteristics of the wound itself are the main prognostic factor. The Ocular trauma score is a useful tool for determining visual outcome in combat ocular trauma. Introducción: Los combates armados generan heridas oculares complejas con mal pronóstico visual. Nuestro objetivo es caracterizar la población militar que sufre trauma ocular de combate en Colombia asociado a minas antipersona, así como las características de las lesiones, el tratamiento recibido y desenlace visual final. Métodos: Se evaluó retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de soldados atendidos en el Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, que sufrieron accidente por mina antipersona durante el período entre enero de 2004 y diciembre de 2012. Resultados: 635 ...

The photocatalytic elimination of microorganisms from indoor air in realistic conditions and the feasibility of simultaneous elimination of chemical contaminants have been studied at laboratory scale. Transparent polymeric monoliths have been coated with sol-gel TiO 2 films and used as photocatalyst to treat real indoor air in a laboratory-scale single-step annular photocatalytic reactor. The analytical techniques used to characterize the air quality and analyze the results of the photocatalytic tests were: colony counting, microscopy and PCR with subsequent sequencing for microbial quantification and identification; automated thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection for chemical analysis. The first experiments performed proved that photocatalysis based on UVA-irradiated TiO 2 for the reduction of the concentration of bacteria in the air could compete with the conventional photolytic treatment with UVC radiation, more expensive and hazardous. Simultaneously to the disinfection, the concentration of volatile organic compounds was greatly reduced, which adds value to this technology for real applications. The fungal colony number was not apparently modified. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. ; Spanish Government for financial support (TRA2009_0262_01 (TRACE) and CTM2008-06876-CO2-01/TECNO (IndoorAir)) ; Peer Reviewed

Reflexiones acerca del camino recorrido en los 20 años de vigencia de la Convención de Derechos del Niño, así como los retos y desafíos que quedan por hacer

The severity of the acute form of CSF is responsible for the high mortality rate and has been the subject of many studies. Nevertheless, some animals are likely to develop a mild, chronic, or unapparent form of the disease. Paradoxically, this clinical form of the disease has not been well studied, especially regarding its pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the infection in domestic pigs that is caused by the CSFV Cat01 strain, which is responsible for the 2001-2002 CSFV outbreak in Catalonia, Spain, and which caused mild and nonspecific clinical signs compared to the infection that is caused by another CSFV strain that is responsible for inducing severe clinical symptoms of disease. We assessed the impact of the CSFV infection in the immune system of domestic pigs, mainly on the kinetics of different cytokines, such as IFN-α (innate immunity) and IFN-γ (adaptive immune response), during the first weeks after infection. In addition, we evaluated the impact on the induction of the humoral response and its relation to the course of infection and the RNA CSFV viral load. The IFN-α levels in the serum samples from the pigs that developed a milder form of the CSF disease (infected with Cat01 strain) were lower than those that were detected in the pig with severe clinical CSF signs (Margarita strain). After infection with Cat01 strain, the IFN-γ levels in response to CSFV were detected in addition to the humoral response. Interestingly, in the serum samples of these animals, we detected the lowest load of CSFV RNA. Similarly, the lowest viral load levels were detected in the tonsils of these pigs. Both the T cells and the humoral response that were generated in most of the pigs that were infected with strain Cat01 may be related to the protection in the symptom progression of CSF against this viral strain. These results explain the antiviral role of IFN-γ in the absence of an antibody response. Likewise, these results corroborate the relevance and relationship that exists between the intensity of the T cell response and the protection against CSFV replication. Additionally, these results also explain how the failure to induce optimal levels of humoral and cellular responses after CSFV infection promotes the spread and persistence of the virus. ; We thank Iván Cordón and David Solanes for their help in theanimal facilities. This research was supported by grant AGL2012-38343 from the Spanish Government.