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AbstractArticle 19 TFEU's unanimity requirement shares a striking similarity with a two-century old debate on voting and minority rights between the 'father' of the US Constitution, James Madison, and the 'rebellious son', John C. Calhoun. Madison made majority voting a necessary condition for impartial lawmaking and minority protection in multistate unions. Conversely, Calhoun sought to maintain the racial status quo through advocating for a competing unanimity-based structure. Minority protection in Article 19 TFEU aligns with Calhoun's model. This Article reassesses Article 19 TFEU through the foundational principles of constitutionalism underlying the US debate and shows their continued relevance for contemporary case law and minority protection in the EU. Particularly, it demonstrates, first, that Article 19 offends the impartiality principle of nemo judex in causa sua—no person should judge their own cause—which has long been a leitmotiv in Western constitutional theory. Second, it illustrates that unanimity causes de jure and de facto ramifications for ethnic and religious minorities in the EU. Last, the Article provides a theoretically grounded and comparatively informed argument to aid ongoing attempts for treaty amendment.

Against the background of the PSPP judgement, the article conducts an under-researched comparison of the German Court's recent judgement with incidents of defiance from American states' legislatures. Particularly, it highlights the example of marijuana laws in the US where a handful of states managed to legislate de facto governing norms contrary to the federal ones. The article then examines the German Court's last decision on sovereign bonds to compare the underlying factors that facilitates European judicial defiance with those contributing to occasional state legislator resistance in the US. Comparison to the highly centralized US shows that defiance of supremacy cannot be eliminated, but its conducive factors can be controlled to ensure a functioning constitutional system. To do so, attention must be paid to popular, fiscal and political factors, rather than to exclusively legalistic ones.

Against the background of the PSPP judgement, the article conducts an under-researched comparison of the German Court's recent judgement with incidents of defiance from American states' legislatures. Particularly, it highlights the example of marijuana laws in the US where a handful of states managed to legislate de facto governing norms contrary to the federal ones. The article then examines the German Court's last decision on sovereign bonds to compare the underlying factors that facilitates European judicial defiance with those contributing to occasional state legislator resistance in the US. Comparison to the highly centralized US shows that defiance of supremacy cannot be eliminated, but its conducive factors can be controlled to ensure a functioning constitutional system. To do so, attention must be paid to popular, fiscal and political factors, rather than to exclusively legalistic ones.

This study examines the discursive and artistic expression of Moroccan youth identity politics through the production and consumption of rap music online, particularly on YouTube. Drawing on multimodal discourse analysis (MDA), the study explores textual, visual, and reception modes and discourses of Moroccan rap songs mediated through songs' lyrics, video clips, and user comments on the video sharing platform. Focusing on four levels of discourse, namely, narrative and interpersonal representation, genre, modality, and style, the study examines the following key questions: What are the discourses that emerge from the production, circulation, and consumption of online rap music by Moroccan youth? How do online rap production and reception contribute to identity formation among Moroccan youth? To what extent does online rap music contribute to the development of a progressive and alternative social youth movement that challenges dominant cultural and political power relations?

On 10 February 2010, Wael Ghonim, a prominent figure of Egypt's 25 January movement, tweeted 'mission accomplished. Thanks to all the brave young Egyptians.' The message became viral, not only on the micro-blogging and other social media platforms, but throughout mainstream media outlets. Western media reports were all keen on highlighting Ghonim's job as Google executive, and the pivotal role of digital media, from the Google search engine to social media, in bringing about this 'happy ending' to the first 'Twitter' and 'Facebook' revolutions. Of course the mission was far from accomplished; nearly one year after Mubarak was forced to step down, Egyptian militants are still trying to keep the flame of the revolution alive and burning by reoccupying Tahrir Square in Cairo in their pitched battles against the military junta running the country. Criticizing the overzealous praise of the role of social media in the Arab spring, Harvard professor Tarak Barkawi (2011) pointed out that these grotesque claims smack of eurocentricism because they credit the revolutions to 'western' technology rather than to the peoples of Egypt and Tunisia:

The article addresses the use of the internet by Islamic social movement organizations (SMOs), focusing on the case of Justice and Charity (JC), the biggest opposition political group in Morocco. It examines the extent to which the SMO exploits the potential of the medium in collective action, and the implications of this use for the SMO's capacity to advance its cause and resist state repression. Drawing on social movement and radical democracy theories, the study highlights the implications of the internet for collective identity‐building in the political project of the Islamic SMO. The article argues that while JC draws extensively on the internet to enhance collective identity‐construction and build an antagonistic public sphere, it fails to benefit from the potential of the medium to promote gender equality and genuine participative communication, and to build an agonistic political sphere.

Depuis l'ère de l'industrialisation les défenseurs de l'environnement ne cessent de proclamer lanécessité de préserver les ressources naturelles. Face à ces voix qui s'élèvent, le marketing vertest mis en évidence comme la solution adéquate à ces maux. Ainsi, de plus en plus d'entreprisesadoptent les bases de ce marketing afin de miroiter leurs engagements écologiques et desatisfaire un nouveau segment émergent de consommateur engagés.Cette démarche marketing passe essentiellement par la communication verte, qui à travers laprésentation d'arguments écologiques vise à conforter et à valoriser les choix de cette politiquemercatique.Toutefois, cette solution « miracle » se voit critiquer à cause de son utilisation excessive, et leterme greenwashing fit son apparition pour revendiquer les abus et les dépassements de cettestratégie communicationnelle environnementale.Dans le présent article, nous tentons d'exposer la limite entre la communication verte et legreenwashing à travers une analyse conceptuelle de la littérature liées à ce sujet.

This study examines online news delivery and how Arab newspaper journalism has harnessed the Internet's potential to deliver news in novel ways, reach new readers and audiences, and the implications for the way these users consume and interact with online news. Existing research
on online journalism has documented the web's effects on journalism practice and online news at several levels, including the reorganization of newsrooms and the incorporation of technical features such as interactivity and media convergence. Based on those research findings, we conduct
a comparative analysis of 54 websites of online and print newspapers in the Arab world. The comparative analysis focuses on six main variables: (1) revenue resources, (2) editorial organization, (3) hyperlinks, (4) interactivity, (5) media convergence issues, and (6) updating/immediacy. While
the Internet has opened new and immense opportunities for journalism in the region, the study finds little evidence to suggest that it is substantially contributing to transforming communication dynamics and journalistic practices that can foster dialogical discourse and participatory communication,
both of which are central to the development of civic culture and liberal democracy.

This article investigates the deployment of Internet memes in a 2018 boycott campaign that targeted three major corporate brands tightly associated with the dominant sphere of power in Morocco. Using multimodal critical discourse analysis, the study analyzes discursive choices made in the production of memes circulated during the boycott, and the intersections between satirical humor and online participatory culture. We argue that these memes are "tactics" resorted to by the subaltern in their struggle for social justice. Although these tactics lack a "proper" locus where they can keep their "wins," they allow the weak to carve out a space from where to effectively challenge the dominant power structures. The article contributes to the still limited body of research exploring Internet memes as multimodal political discourse and to the study of humor as a fundamental discursive aspect of Internet memes.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the characterizations of business process management (BPM) methodology in hotel industry through an aggregate processing of the core cyclesteps (CCCs) of the highly-cited BPM life-cycle models in the literature aiming to highlight the major issues of the current methodological approach of BPM in hotels when to put the notion of service process into practice.Design/methodology/approachThe paper identifies and examines the most popular BPM life-cycles models in the literature and locates 15 life-cycles that are highly cited. The paper then focuses on applying the theory on nine listed hotel companies in Egypt using a questionnaire in the form of a semi-structured interview technique.FindingsThe CCSs of BPM life-cycle model applied in hotels revealed a gap between BPM theory and practice in this sector. Utilizing this model of BPM life-cycle, the paper focuses on describing several of the main problems or pitfalls found in the methodological approach of BPM in hotels, which brings the essence of the whole operation management problems.Practical implicationsIn light of these findings, the paper discusses the practical implications and focuses on recommendations on how to properly improve the methodological approach of BPM in hotels in order to get better business results.Originality/valueThe paper bridges the gap between BPM theory and practice and suggests recommendations that will assist hotel companies to eliminate the problems of poor process management (PM). There are also future research recommendations to enhance the knowledge of BPM theory in the service sector.