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The conditional influence of the European Parliament (EP) in the co-operation procedure is a recognized empirical phenomenon in the literature. One explanation for such conditional influence is that the Parliament can successfully propose amendments only when the restriction which it faces changes during the decision-making process. We explore this argument and find that it is able to explain the influence of the EP in the decision on car emission standards. (Journal of Common Market Studies / FUB)

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Notes on the Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Rational Choice and the Governance Structure of the European Union: An Introduction -- 2 Maastricht and the Democratic Deficit -- Comment -- 3 Comment Peter Moser Policy Making and Commission Appointment in theEuropean Union -- Comment -- 4 Beyond Comitology: A Comparative Analysis of Implementation Procedures with Parliamentary Involvement -- Comment -- 5 European Union Power and Regional Involvement: A Case Study of the Political Implications of the Reform of the Structural Funds for Ireland -- Comment -- 6 Political Accountability in an Economic and Monetary Union -- Comment -- 7 Explaining the Centralization of the European Union: A Public Choice Analysis -- Comment -- 8 Government Formation in the European Parliament -- Comment -- 9 Decision-Making in the European Union: The Power of Political Parties -- Comment -- 10 Integration through Referendums? -- Comment -- Index.

While high risk of failure is an inherent part of developing innovative therapies, it can be reduced by adherence to evidence-based rigorous research practices. Supported through the European Union's Innovative Medicines Initiative, the EQIPD consortium has developed a novel preclinical research quality system that can be applied in both public and private sectors and is free for anyone to use. The EQIPD Quality System was designed to be suited to boost innovation by ensuring the generation of robust and reliable preclinical data while being lean, effective and not becoming a burden that could negatively impact the freedom to explore scientific questions. EQIPD defines research quality as the extent to which research data are fit for their intended use. Fitness, in this context, is defined by the stakeholders, who are the scientists directly involved in the research, but also their funders, sponsors, publishers, research tool manufacturers, and collaboration partners such as peers in a multi-site research project. The essence of the EQIPD Quality System is the set of 18 core requirements that can be addressed flexibly, according to user-specific needs and following a user-defined trajectory. The EQIPD Quality System proposes guidance on expectations for quality-related measures, defines criteria for adequate processes (i.e. performance standards) and provides examples of how such measures can be developed and implemented. However, it does not prescribe any pre-determined solutions. EQIPD has also developed tools (for optional use) to support users in implementing the system and assessment services for those research units that successfully implement the quality system and seek formal accreditation. Building upon the feedback from users and continuous improvement, a sustainable EQIPD Quality System will ultimately serve the entire community of scientists conducting non-regulated preclinical research, by helping them generate reliable data that are fit for their intended use. ; Peer reviewed