Suchergebnisse

Las Instituciones Financieras Internacionales han respondido de una manera rápida y sostenida en apoyo a los países de renta baja y media para hacer frente a la crisis sanitaria, social y económica generada por la COVID-19 e impulsando una recuperación social y medioambientalmente sostenible. El reto a futuro pasa por reforzar este apoyo en un contexto en el que, en la mayoría de los países, la pandemia ha llevado a un retroceso en los objetivos de desarrollo y a un menor espacio de política económica por el aumento de las vulnerabilidades financieras y de los niveles de deuda pública.

Como respuesta a las crisis financiera internacional y de deuda soberana en Europa, la Unión Europea (UE) ha llevado a cabo un profundo proceso de reforma en el que cabe destacar distintos elementos, fundamentalmente en el ámbito económico: el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia económica, la creación del Mecanismo Europeo de Estabilidad (MEDE) y de la Unión Bancaria (UB) o la gran expansión monetaria y el desarrollo de una política monetaria no convencional por parte del Banco Central Europeo (BCE).

La crisis ha llevado a la zona del euro a dar un paso adicional en su integración con la creación de la Unión Bancaria (UB) que empezó a rodar a partir de 2014. Sin embargo, la integración financiera está aún incompleta. Entre otras políticas, falta terminar la UB con el pilar de garantía de depósitos, impulsar un esquema común de préstamos de última instancia para el sistema financiero, completar la función de estabilización de países o, incluso, repensar la arquitectura institucional de la Unión Económica y Monetaria (UEM). El debate en torno a estas políticas se puede aproximar desde la dialéctica entre la acción común y la responsabilidad de país.

A partir de los años 1990s en Colombia se dio entre otros cambios, un proceso de pluralización del campo religioso debido al surgimiento de numerosas iglesias de origen pentecostal y carismático que incluyeron dentro de su agenda la participación en política, por su parte las iglesias del protestantismo clásico o "histórico" se orientaron hacia la incidencia pública política. Este hecho hizo parte de la pluralización de la sociedad sin transformarla, de la irrupción de un actor con rostro religioso para la política sin lograr una renovación de la política. Las iglesias no católicas organizaron movimientos y partidos para participar en la política electoral con el objetivo de influenciar moralmente en el gobierno, mientras que otras iglesias orientaron sus esfuerzos en el trabajo social, el acompañamiento a víctimas del conflicto armado y a realizar incidencia pública a nivel nacional e internacional. Abstract From the 1990s in Colombia occurred among other changes, a process of diversification of the religious field, due to the emergence of numerous Pentecostal and Charismatic churches, they included an agenda to political involvement, meanwhile churches classical or "historic" Protestantism were oriented toward political advocacy. This was part of the pluralization of society without transforming it, the arrival of a religious actor in the politics without face to secure a renewal of the policy. Non-Catholic churches organized movements and parties to participate in electoral politics in order to influence the government morally, while other churches focused their efforts in social work, support to victims of armed conflict and to conduct advocacy at the national level and international.

La cumbre de Seúl del G-20 avanza lentamente en la reforma financiera global, la reforma interna del FMI y el establecimiento de una nueva agenda para el desarrollo. Tras dos años de cumbres de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, el G-20 está reformando lentamente y a saltos el Orden Económico Internacional. En Seúl llegan tres nuevos impulsos: parte de la reforma financiera, la reforma de gobernabilidad del FMI y una agenda para el desarrollo. En el lado del debe, se posponen una vez más –aunque con renovado impulso para 2011– la coordinación de políticas macroeconómicas para corregir los desequilibrios globales y la resolución de la ronda de Doha de la OMC.

Remotely sensed vegetation indices have been widely used to estimate live fuel moisture content (LFMC). However, marked differences in vegetation structure affect the relationship between field-measured LFMC and reflectance, which limits spatial extrapolation of these indices. To overcome this limitation, we explored the potential of random forests (RF) to estimate LFMC at the subcontinental scale in the Mediterranean basin wildland. We built RF models (LFMCRF) using a combination of MODIS spectral bands, vegetation indices, surface temperature, and the day of year as predictors. We used the Globe-LFMC and the Catalan LFMC monitoring program databases as ground-truth samples (10,374 samples). LFMCRF was calibrated with samples collected between 2000 and 2014 and validated with samples from 2015 to 2019, with overall root mean square errors (RMSE) of 19.9% and 16.4%, respectively, which were lower than current approaches based on radiative transfer models (RMSE ~74–78%). We used our approach to generate a public database with weekly LFMC maps across the Mediterranean basin. ; This study was funded by the MICINN (RTI2018-094691-B-C31), European Union's Horizon 2020-Research and Innovation Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 101003890 project FirEUrisk, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20179, 31850410483), and the talent proposals in Sichuan Province (2020JDRC0065) from Southwest University of Science and Technology (18ZX7131)

This research was funded by the Spanish ISCIII Health Research Fund and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through research grants PI12/01097, PI15/02015, PI18/00337 (F.M.), PIE16-00045 (J.A.M.), DTS19/00145 (J.A.M.) and PI18/00330 (K.B.), as well as by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) through FEDER research grant RTI2018-101309-B-C2 (J.A.M.). The CECEyU and CSyF Councils of the Junta de Andalucia FEDER/European Cohesion Fund (FSE) provided the following research grants: 2016000073391-TRA, 2016000073332-TRA, PI-57069 and PAIDI-Bio326 (F.M.) and PI-0014-2016 (K.B). K.B. was also on a Nicolas Monardes Regional Ministry of Health contract (0006/2018). H.A. is supported by Research Excellence PhD Fellowship (2UAE2020) from the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST). M.T.-M. is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SMSI) through an FPU16/05467 fellowship. M.C.-G. is funded by SMSI through a GJ fellowship (PEJ-2018-001760-A). ; We wish to thank Michael O'Shea for proofreading the review. Figures were created using Biorender.com. ; Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications. ; Spanish ISCIII Health Research Fund PI12/01097 PI15/02015 PI18/00337 PIE16-00045 DTS19/00145 PI18/00330 ; European Union (EU) PI12/01097 PI15/02015 PI18/00337 PIE16-00045 DTS19/00145 PI18/00330 ; Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) through FEDER research grant RTI2018-101309-B-C2 ; CECEyU Council of the Junta de Andalucia FEDER/European Cohesion Fund (FSE) 2016000073391-TRA 2016000073332-TRA PI-57069 PAIDI-Bio326 PI-0014-2016 ; CSyF Council of the Junta de Andalucia FEDER/European Cohesion Fund (FSE) 2016000073391-TRA 2016000073332-TRA PI-57069 PAIDI-Bio326 PI-0014-2016 ; Nicolas Monardes Regional Ministry of Health contract 0006/2018 ; Research Excellence PhD Fellowship from the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) 2UAE2020 ; Spanish Government FPU16/05467 ; SMSI through a GJ fellowship PEJ-2018-001760-A

Suspense is a key narrative issue in terms of emotional gratification, influencing directly the way in which the audience experiences a story. Disciplines like psychology, neurology or e-learning study the suspense as the basis of useful techniques for the treatment of mental diseases or improving memory skills and the comprehension. In the field of creativity, it's an essential cross strategy found in almost any book, film and video-game plots, regardless of technology and genre. With the objective of generating engaging stories, some automatic storytelling systems implement a suspense generation module. These systems are mainly based on narrative theories. However, we observe a lack of aspects from behavioral sciences, involving the study of empathy and emotional effect of scene objects in the audience. Generated plots with an adequate treatment of these features may involve benefits in areas as education and psychology. In this paper, we propose a component-based architectural model that firstly aims to identify and extract all these individual factors of the suspense from a scene; in a second step, the system calculates the level of suspense using a weighted corpus; in the last step, it alters those elements to increase or decrease the original suspense level and reassembles them in a new scene. Further, we discuss the model facing the development challenges and its practical implications. ; This work has been funded by the Andalusian Government under the University of Cadiz programme for Researching and Innovation in Education. This paper has been partially supported by the projects WHIM 611560 and PROSECCO 600653 funded by the European Commission, Framework Program 7, the ICT theme, and the Future and Emerging Technologies FET program. ; 8 pages

Crowdsourcing has been proven to be an effective and efficient tool to annotate large data-sets. User annotations are often noisy, so methods to combine the annotations to produce reliable estimates of the ground truth are necessary. We claim that considering the existence of clusters of users in this combination step can improve the performance. This is especially important in early stages of crowdsourcing implementations, where the number of annotations is low. At this stage there is not enough information to accurately estimate the bias introduced by each annotator separately, so we have to resort to models that consider the statistical links among them. In addition, finding these clusters is interesting in itself as knowing the behavior of the pool of annotators allows implementing efficient active learning strategies. Based on this, we propose in this paper two new fully unsupervised models based on a Chinese restaurant process (CRP) prior and a hierarchical structure that allows inferring these groups jointly with the ground truth and the properties of the users. Efficient inference algorithms based on Gibbs sampling with auxiliary variables are proposed. Finally, we perform experiments, both on synthetic and real databases, to show the advantages of our models over state-of-the-art algorithms. ; Pablo G. Moreno is supported by an FPU fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education (AP2009-1513). This work has been partly supported by Ministerio de Economía of Spain ('COMONSENS', id. CSD2008-00010, 'ALCIT', id. TEC2012-38800-C03-01, 'COMPREHENSION', id. TEC2012-38883-C02-01) and Comunidad de Madrid (project 'CASI-CAM-CM', id. S2013/ICE-2845). This work was also supported by the European Union 7th Framework Programme through the Marie Curie Initial Training Network "Machine Learning for Personalized Medicine" MLPM2012, Grant No. 316861. Yee Why Teh's research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) ERC grant agreement no. 617411.

In this work, the one-parameter Fisher–Rényi measure of complexity for general d-dimensional probability distributions is introduced and its main analytic properties are discussed. Then, this quantity is determined for the hydrogenic systems in terms of the quantum numbers of the quantum states and the nuclear charge. ; This work was partially supported by the Projects P11-FQM-7276 and FQM-207 of the Junta de Andalucia, and by the MINECO (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) and FEDER (European regional development fund) grants FIS2014- 54497P and FIS2014-59311P. Ł.R. acknowledges financial support by the grant number 2014/13/D/ST2/01886 of the National Science Center, Warsaw, Poland. Research in Cologne is supported by the Excellence Initiative of the German Federal and State Governments (Grant ZUK 81) and the DFG (GRO 4334/2-1). Ł.R. also acknowledges the support by the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP) and hospitality of the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling. I.V.T. acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación under the program FPU 2014.

Isolates of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) differ widely in their biological properties. These properties may depend on the structure of viral RNA populations comprising the different isolates. As a first approach to study the molecular basis of the biological variability, we have compared the sequences of multiple cDNA clones of the two terminal regions of the RNA from different CTV isolates. The polymorphism of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) allowed the classification of the sequences into three groups, with intragroup sequence identity higher than 88% and intergroup sequence identity as low as 44%. The variability of an open reading frame (ORF) 1a segment adjacent to the 5' UTR supports the same grouping. Some CTV isolates contained sequences of more than one group. Most sequences from Spanish isolates belonged to group III, whereas a Japanese isolate was composed mostly of sequences of groups I and II. The mildest isolates contained only sequences of group III, whereas the most severe isolates also contained sequences of groups I, II, or both. The most stable secondary structure predicted for the 5' UTR was composed of two stem-loops and remained essentially unchanged as a result of compensatory mutations in the stems and accommodation of most of the variability in the loops. In contrast to the 5'-terminal region, the variability of the 3'-terminal region of CTV RNA was very much restricted, with nucleotide identity values higher than 90%. The presence of a conserved putative 'zinc-finger' domain adjacent to a basic region in p23, the predicted product of ORF II, suggests that this protein might act as a regulatory factor during virus replication. ; This work was partially supported by grants from the Conselleria de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente, Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia (GV-3116/95), INIA (project SC-93111), as well as by contract ERBIC18CT960044 from the European Union ; Peer Reviewed