Suchergebnisse

Increased conflicts related to the construction of new linear infrastructure (e.g. transportation networks or high-tension cables) has resulted in longer and more expensive environmental impact studies. In order to reduce such conflict, the French government has changed the decision-making process. With this shift the notion of "the environment" has become more central, the perspectives of local stakeholders are integrated at the beginning of the projects, and environmental and regulatory laws have become more strict. These shifts, which require incorporating public participation into the decision-making process, have made conducting environmental impact studies more complex. GIS in combination with multicriteria analysis can be used to address this new decision-making context. In this thesis I will analyze the complexity of the decision-making process and will evaluate existing decision-making tools. I will then propose a set of new tools designed to evaluate the environmental impact of any given linear infrastructure project. Finally I will demonstrate the potential value of these new tools based on their application to a particular case study: the northern part of the highway project between Lyon and Narbonne (France). ; La généralisation et le durcissement des conflits d'implantation linéaire entraînent le rallongement des études et l'alourdissement du coût des projets. Pour limiter ces conflits, le gouvernement a fait évoluer la procédure décisionnelle : durcissement du cadre législatif, élargissement de la notion d'environnement, implication des acteurs locaux en amont des projets. Cette évolution complexifie les études environnementales et rend obsolète les méthodes traditionnelles.L'association des potentialités des SIG et des méthodes d'analyse multicritère est susceptible de répondre aux nouveaux besoins.Cette thèse se propose, après avoir exposé la situation décisionnelle complexe et présenté ces outils d'aide à la décision, de souligner leurs potentialités pour l'étude des projets linéaires. Une ...

Increased conflicts related to the construction of new linear infrastructure (e.g. transportation networks or high-tension cables) has resulted in longer and more expensive environmental impact studies. In order to reduce such conflict, the French government has changed the decision-making process. With this shift the notion of "the environment" has become more central, the perspectives of local stakeholders are integrated at the beginning of the projects, and environmental and regulatory laws have become more strict. These shifts, which require incorporating public participation into the decision-making process, have made conducting environmental impact studies more complex. GIS in combination with multicriteria analysis can be used to address this new decision-making context. In this thesis I will analyze the complexity of the decision-making process and will evaluate existing decision-making tools. I will then propose a set of new tools designed to evaluate the environmental impact of any given linear infrastructure project. Finally I will demonstrate the potential value of these new tools based on their application to a particular case study: the northern part of the highway project between Lyon and Narbonne (France). ; La généralisation et le durcissement des conflits d'implantation linéaire entraînent le rallongement des études et l'alourdissement du coût des projets. Pour limiter ces conflits, le gouvernement a fait évoluer la procédure décisionnelle : durcissement du cadre législatif, élargissement de la notion d'environnement, implication des acteurs locaux en amont des projets. Cette évolution complexifie les études environnementales et rend obsolète les méthodes traditionnelles.L'association des potentialités des SIG et des méthodes d'analyse multicritère est susceptible de répondre aux nouveaux besoins.Cette thèse se propose, après avoir exposé la situation décisionnelle complexe et présenté ces outils d'aide à la décision, de souligner leurs potentialités pour l'étude des projets linéaires. Une ...

As highlighted by Bacquet and Gauthier (2011), the shift from government of cities to urban governance "results in much greater variety of project scales, stakeholders and forms of public-private partnership. For the last two decades, it has contributed to fundamentally transforming the work of urban planners." The foundations of this multi-stakeholder construction of urban projects must be addressed in the training of future city planners. But this training is difficult as part of a traditional education as it has to lead students to become aware of the multitude of direct, indirect and induced effects of involving multiple stakeholders with sometimes contradictory needs. Games, be they or not serious, digital or cooperative, have often been used in urban planning projects (Poplin, 2011) and their learning benefits are widely recognized (Cohard P. 2015; GEE JP 2003). Fun, more or less complex learning materials have been developed to address the complexity of the decision-making process in urban planning (Cools 2014; Vilmin 2018; etc.) As part of the "Urb'Act" project, selected in Sorbonne Université's FORMINNOV call for projects, we have sought to draw on the potential offered by digital tools and touchscreen technologies to develop innovative teaching materials. To begin with, the game seeks to raise generalist urban engineers' awareness of the complexity of urban projects. Urb'Act thus aims to help non-specialists to understand the interactions between the various stakeholders of an urban project. As a key aspect of an inverted pedagogy, Urb'Act also introduces notions of the construction of an overall plan, balancing of a budget and the sustainability of projects (Molines N. et al., 2018).

As highlighted by Bacquet and Gauthier (2011), the shift from government of cities to urban governance "results in much greater variety of project scales, stakeholders and forms of public-private partnership. For the last two decades, it has contributed to fundamentally transforming the work of urban planners." The foundations of this multi-stakeholder construction of urban projects must be addressed in the training of future city planners. But this training is difficult as part of a traditional education as it has to lead students to become aware of the multitude of direct, indirect and induced effects of involving multiple stakeholders with sometimes contradictory needs. Games, be they or not serious, digital or cooperative, have often been used in urban planning projects (Poplin, 2011) and their learning benefits are widely recognized (Cohard P. 2015; GEE JP 2003). Fun, more or less complex learning materials have been developed to address the complexity of the decision-making process in urban planning (Cools 2014; Vilmin 2018; etc.) As part of the "Urb'Act" project, selected in Sorbonne Université's FORMINNOV call for projects, we have sought to draw on the potential offered by digital tools and touchscreen technologies to develop innovative teaching materials. To begin with, the game seeks to raise generalist urban engineers' awareness of the complexity of urban projects. Urb'Act thus aims to help non-specialists to understand the interactions between the various stakeholders of an urban project. As a key aspect of an inverted pedagogy, Urb'Act also introduces notions of the construction of an overall plan, balancing of a budget and the sustainability of projects (Molines N. et al., 2018).

International audience ; According to the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), a poorly insulated roof can be the cause of 25 to 30% of heat loss from a building. Given that a municipality's real estate consists mainly of old buildings, a comprehensive approach is essential to improve roof thermal efficiency. In this context, the Urban Region of Compiègne (URC), in partnership with ADEME, has implemented an extensive public awareness campaign on building insulation, targeted at local residents and elected officials. Among other initiatives, the campaign conducted an aerial thermographic survey of the entire URC. The urban region of Compiègne organized a Thermography conference to help residents interpret data about their own residence and to inform them about relevant financial aid and other programs. To extend the study beyond an analysis of individual buildings, the URC asked the Department of Urban Systems Engineering of the University of Technology of Compiègne to perform additional studies. This article presents the work we did for building stock. The scope of the study was to propose a tool to conduct a comprehensive diagnostic of the territory of Compiègne and identify areas of particular interest.This article will discuss two points: first the implementation of a database for spatial analysis, and second a set of indicators that allow indicators to refine the analysis relativizing heat loss through the roof and to identify priority intervention areas. ; D'après l'ADEME (Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie) une toiture mal isolée peut être à l'origine de 25 à 30 % des déperditions thermiques d'un bâtiment. Sachant que le parc immobilier d'une commune est majoritairement constitué de bâtiments anciens, il est fondamental d'engager une démarche globale d'amélioration de l'efficacité thermique des toitures. Dans cette optique, l'agglomération de la région de Compiègne (ARC), accompagnée par l'ADEME, a mis en place une vaste campagne d'information et de sensibilisation ...

International audience ; According to the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), a poorly insulated roof can be the cause of 25 to 30% of heat loss from a building. Given that a municipality's real estate consists mainly of old buildings, a comprehensive approach is essential to improve roof thermal efficiency. In this context, the Urban Region of Compiègne (URC), in partnership with ADEME, has implemented an extensive public awareness campaign on building insulation, targeted at local residents and elected officials. Among other initiatives, the campaign conducted an aerial thermographic survey of the entire URC. The urban region of Compiègne organized a Thermography conference to help residents interpret data about their own residence and to inform them about relevant financial aid and other programs. To extend the study beyond an analysis of individual buildings, the URC asked the Department of Urban Systems Engineering of the University of Technology of Compiègne to perform additional studies. This article presents the work we did for building stock. The scope of the study was to propose a tool to conduct a comprehensive diagnostic of the territory of Compiègne and identify areas of particular interest.This article will discuss two points: first the implementation of a database for spatial analysis, and second a set of indicators that allow indicators to refine the analysis relativizing heat loss through the roof and to identify priority intervention areas. ; D'après l'ADEME (Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie) une toiture mal isolée peut être à l'origine de 25 à 30 % des déperditions thermiques d'un bâtiment. Sachant que le parc immobilier d'une commune est majoritairement constitué de bâtiments anciens, il est fondamental d'engager une démarche globale d'amélioration de l'efficacité thermique des toitures. Dans cette optique, l'agglomération de la région de Compiègne (ARC), accompagnée par l'ADEME, a mis en place une vaste campagne d'information et de sensibilisation ...

Pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol, France is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions four-fold (MEDDE, 2013). To fulfil this commitment, the French government has established a legislative and regulatory environment to ensure the contribution of France's local government bodies to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Chanard et al., 2011). This transfer of responsibility for energy action to the local level (Theys and Vidalenc, 2011; Bertrand and Richard, 2014) has to be built on quantified goals (Godinot, 2011) and comprehensive action based on three levels of public intervention: exemplarity of public assets and services, public policies and outreach (Chanard et al., 2011). However, public action at local level stumbles across the difficulty of working on the real energy efficiency of urban forms at the level of the city – and not simply that of a building or block (Maïza, 2007; Arantes et al., 2016). The modelling and mapping of energy losses offer a tangible quantitative aid to support cities in their decision-making. Thermal modelling of a built environment is traditionally carried out at urban level, based on macro-economic input data or the typology of buildings (Kavgic et al., 2010), or at building level, based on physical, empirical or statistical data (Magyari et al., 2016, Crawley et al., 2001)). It still has many limitations that need to be addressed. Use of aerial thermography at urban level provides an overview of heat losses from the built environment and is a useful tool in raising residents' awareness of the importance of isolating their homes. However, it does suffer from a number of biases and limitations, and ultimately acts more as a catalyst for precise, expensive studies at building level (Molines et al., 2017). Between these two levels, the neighbourhood level could produce relatively precise simulations at a reasonable cost. There are various means of tackling this level. These methods are be more or less complex, long and costly to implement and, of course, more or less precise. Here we present the results of a comparative analysis of three methods: one at urban level and two at neighbourhood level (with and without precise thermal data). The aims include checking whether the neighbourhood is a suitable level for thermal study of the build environment with a view to convincing users to carry out energy renovation work. At neighbourhood level, various levels of precision will be provided for simulations, in order to assess the replicability of the studies carried out under more or less simplistic hypotheses. The simulations will be carried out based on a model combining various software packages (GIS, BIM, thermal simulations) and different data acquisition levels. The reliability of the results will be given critical consideration. Uncertainties will be considered alongside the potential use of the method by local governments (input data required, development time for the model, cost, etc.).

Pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol, France is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions four-fold (MEDDE, 2013). To fulfil this commitment, the French government has established a legislative and regulatory environment to ensure the contribution of France's local government bodies to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Chanard et al., 2011). This transfer of responsibility for energy action to the local level (Theys and Vidalenc, 2011; Bertrand and Richard, 2014) has to be built on quantified goals (Godinot, 2011) and comprehensive action based on three levels of public intervention: exemplarity of public assets and services, public policies and outreach (Chanard et al., 2011). However, public action at local level stumbles across the difficulty of working on the real energy efficiency of urban forms at the level of the city – and not simply that of a building or block (Maïza, 2007; Arantes et al., 2016). The modelling and mapping of energy losses offer a tangible quantitative aid to support cities in their decision-making. Thermal modelling of a built environment is traditionally carried out at urban level, based on macro-economic input data or the typology of buildings (Kavgic et al., 2010), or at building level, based on physical, empirical or statistical data (Magyari et al., 2016, Crawley et al., 2001)). It still has many limitations that need to be addressed. Use of aerial thermography at urban level provides an overview of heat losses from the built environment and is a useful tool in raising residents' awareness of the importance of isolating their homes. However, it does suffer from a number of biases and limitations, and ultimately acts more as a catalyst for precise, expensive studies at building level (Molines et al., 2017). Between these two levels, the neighbourhood level could produce relatively precise simulations at a reasonable cost. There are various means of tackling this level. These methods are be more or less complex, long and costly to implement and, of course, more or less precise. Here we present the results of a comparative analysis of three methods: one at urban level and two at neighbourhood level (with and without precise thermal data). The aims include checking whether the neighbourhood is a suitable level for thermal study of the build environment with a view to convincing users to carry out energy renovation work. At neighbourhood level, various levels of precision will be provided for simulations, in order to assess the replicability of the studies carried out under more or less simplistic hypotheses. The simulations will be carried out based on a model combining various software packages (GIS, BIM, thermal simulations) and different data acquisition levels. The reliability of the results will be given critical consideration. Uncertainties will be considered alongside the potential use of the method by local governments (input data required, development time for the model, cost, etc.).

International audience ; In the prospect of a sustainable town planning, the study the impact of the statutory plans which manage the urban dynamics is a major problem of town planning in France. The legislation foresaw a forward evaluation of the environmental impacts of some PLU and the cities of which PLU is already ancient, now start to be interested in this question, while noting that there are no methodologies or tools validated to estimate this impact. Methodological searches concerning the evaluation of the effects of the urban planning and the regulation of PLU were engaged with the urban community of Toulouse, within the framework of a thesis CIFRE implying the University of Technology of Compiègne. The objective is to appreciate the impacts by the modeling and the simulation of the phenomena, by means of spatialised indicators. Our poster will present the context of study and the first obtained results ; Dans la perspective d'un urbanisme durable, l'étude de l'impact des plans réglementaires qui gèrent les dynamiques urbaines est une problématique majeure posée par l'urbanisme en France. La législation a prévu une évaluation à terme de l'impact de certains Plans Locaux d'Urbanisme (PLU) sur l'environnement et les villes commencent à s'intéresser à cette question, tout en notant qu'il n'existe ni méthodologie ni outils validés pour évaluer cet impact. Un travail de recherche méthodologique portant sur l'évaluation des effets de la planification urbaine et du règlement de son PLU a été engagé avec la Communauté Urbaine du Grand Toulouse dans le cadre d'une thèse CIFRE impliquant l'Université de Technologie de Compiègne. L'objectif est d'appréhender les impacts par la modélisation et la simulation des phénomènes, par le biais d'indicateurs spatialisés. Notre poster présentera le contexte d'étude et les premiers résultats obtenus.

International audience ; In the prospect of a sustainable town planning, the study the impact of the statutory plans which manage the urban dynamics is a major problem of town planning in France. The legislation foresaw a forward evaluation of the environmental impacts of some PLU and the cities of which PLU is already ancient, now start to be interested in this question, while noting that there are no methodologies or tools validated to estimate this impact. Methodological searches concerning the evaluation of the effects of the urban planning and the regulation of PLU were engaged with the urban community of Toulouse, within the framework of a thesis CIFRE implying the University of Technology of Compiègne. The objective is to appreciate the impacts by the modeling and the simulation of the phenomena, by means of spatialised indicators. Our poster will present the context of study and the first obtained results ; Dans la perspective d'un urbanisme durable, l'étude de l'impact des plans réglementaires qui gèrent les dynamiques urbaines est une problématique majeure posée par l'urbanisme en France. La législation a prévu une évaluation à terme de l'impact de certains Plans Locaux d'Urbanisme (PLU) sur l'environnement et les villes commencent à s'intéresser à cette question, tout en notant qu'il n'existe ni méthodologie ni outils validés pour évaluer cet impact. Un travail de recherche méthodologique portant sur l'évaluation des effets de la planification urbaine et du règlement de son PLU a été engagé avec la Communauté Urbaine du Grand Toulouse dans le cadre d'une thèse CIFRE impliquant l'Université de Technologie de Compiègne. L'objectif est d'appréhender les impacts par la modélisation et la simulation des phénomènes, par le biais d'indicateurs spatialisés. Notre poster présentera le contexte d'étude et les premiers résultats obtenus.

International audience ; This article challenges the efficiency of the French urban planning system in front of national and European legislative objectives regarding sustainable urban development. It is based on a historical analysis of the effectiveness of urban management tools. Thus, in a first part, one will show that the major problems of cities such as they exist today, namely urban sprawl and zoning by unique urban function (Williams et al., 2000; Mangin, 2004) and the creation of districts in the 60 's fostering social problems today, appeared in spite of the development of the urban planning system at the same time. The awareness of these problems and the rise of the notion of sustainable development have made the practices in town planning evolve (Raffaud, 2003). "By making " the legislation " green", they have also strongly developed the rules which change the contents and forms of urban planning (Mathieu et al., 2005). Then, one needs to ask the question of the current efficiency of the documents dealing with the planning of French cities confronted to the challenges of sustainable development. After a quick presentation of the French planning system and the local plan, which is its tool at the scale of the city, the article will present, in the second part, the advantages and the difficulties encountered. It will hence to light the difficulties we have to translate in a statutory way the planning orientations. One will also highlight other problems, such as the necessity to make the local planning orientation consistent with other public policies of planning and the variety of temporalities, and the limitation of the effects of local plans … (Blanc et al., 2008). This article will also attempt to demonstrate that town planning documents, if accurately written, can be invaluable tools to improve the quality of town planning and that the limitation of its "impacts", made compulsory by the European legislation in 2001, seems to be an extra security for the quality of the cities (Lerond et al., 2003; ...

International audience ; This article challenges the efficiency of the French urban planning system in front of national and European legislative objectives regarding sustainable urban development. It is based on a historical analysis of the effectiveness of urban management tools. Thus, in a first part, one will show that the major problems of cities such as they exist today, namely urban sprawl and zoning by unique urban function (Williams et al., 2000; Mangin, 2004) and the creation of districts in the 60 's fostering social problems today, appeared in spite of the development of the urban planning system at the same time. The awareness of these problems and the rise of the notion of sustainable development have made the practices in town planning evolve (Raffaud, 2003). "By making " the legislation " green", they have also strongly developed the rules which change the contents and forms of urban planning (Mathieu et al., 2005). Then, one needs to ask the question of the current efficiency of the documents dealing with the planning of French cities confronted to the challenges of sustainable development. After a quick presentation of the French planning system and the local plan, which is its tool at the scale of the city, the article will present, in the second part, the advantages and the difficulties encountered. It will hence to light the difficulties we have to translate in a statutory way the planning orientations. One will also highlight other problems, such as the necessity to make the local planning orientation consistent with other public policies of planning and the variety of temporalities, and the limitation of the effects of local plans … (Blanc et al., 2008). This article will also attempt to demonstrate that town planning documents, if accurately written, can be invaluable tools to improve the quality of town planning and that the limitation of its "impacts", made compulsory by the European legislation in 2001, seems to be an extra security for the quality of the cities (Lerond et al., 2003; ...