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This review aims to identify key cultural factors that affect translation quality and propose strategies to enhance accuracy in cross-cultural translation. A programmatic method is a viable culture competency approach that involves learning by participating, interacting, and immersing in the target culture through intercultural exchange programs or by interacting with native speakers. The analysis begins with data extraction, where valuable information is collected from selected articles on author(s), publication year, research design, methodology, findings, and translation practice implications. the results are synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of the themes and patterns that emerged from the data, presented in a narrative format. NVivo or similar software will be used to facilitate data analysis, coding, and theme identification. Your conclusion provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of cultural awareness in translation and offers practical solutions for enhancing translation accuracy in cross-cultural contexts.

This study is about the translatability of Arabic religious legal terms in Palestinian divorce documents. It is a qualitative descriptive study which aims at exploring the translator's choices and decisions in dealing with divorce terminologies to determine the determinant norms that can affect or enhance divorce terminologies in Arabic-English translation. In doing so, Vinay and Darbelnet's translation procedures are followed to assess the translations. The study has looked into the translations of divorce terminologies in Palestinian divorce documents. Translated texts of Palestinian divorce documents have been selected from Palestinian sworn translators and certified translation offices to be representative of this text type. A set of specified divorce terms have been analysed. As a result, it is discovered that the translators rely highly on the direct strategy to translate general terms such as 'nafaqa, dukhul, ibra' while the oblique technique is used to translate culture-specific terms such as: khalwa, raji, baen baynona sughra and kubra'. The research reveals also that the translations decisions depend not only on translation norms, but also on language norms related to culture- specific terms.

This study deals with the translation of speech acts in legal documents from Arabic into English. It aims at describing the translatability of speech acts to determine whether there are meaning loss or meaning gain and the reasons behind that. In doing so, the study follows Searle's speech acts concept and taxonomy since Searle's taxonomy is based on the illocutionary force of the speech act. Being a qualitative study, samples of translated divorce contracts have been collected from Palestinian sworn translators and translation certified offices. Speech acts have been identified, categorized, and analyzed based on Searle taxonomy. Then, the translation of the speech acts is analyzed in terms of the meaning of the illocutionary force of the different speech acts. The study has revealed that the illocutionary force is conveyed completely in some cases. In other cases, it is affected by the translators' choices in using active voices instead of passive voices, present perfect and simple past instead of simple present, mistranslation of some verbs expressing directive force, probability modals instead of prohibition modals, style shift from direct speech into indirect speech, and omission of introducing verbs of speech act force. It is concluded that both sematic and pragmatic norms should be taken into consideration in translating speech acts of legal documents, which optimize Arabic - English legal translation.

The present paper delves into business and economic English and Arabic texts to describe the language and translator's norms and to justify these norms with regards of voices translation. The sample is collected manually from two e-portals where 20 texts were drawn from each website. It is found that translators use oblique translation methods to render passive constructions into Arabic in their endeavor to attain more idiomatic Arabic. Although translators are inclined to use the active voice more than the passive, this usage is mostly limited to dynamic verbs where English active stative verbs were modulated to passive Arabic beside the reduced adjectival phrases. The only gain of meaning or effect is achieved when the active English stative verbs became dynamic Arabic passives in order to give a stronger reporting of information. The findings contribute in characterizing the business and economic voice' behavior in English and Arabic in an attempt to integrate the findings with the findings of other genres.

Translating literary works is a challenging task, especially when attempting to integrate numerous linguistically, artistically, and culturally varied languages. The main objective of this research is to describe the initial norms that regulate the translation of Arabic cultural references translated in Basma Abdelaziz's Arabic novel, The Queue. This novel by Basma Abdelaziz was chosen for examination because it contains a lot of cultural references that reflect cultural values. To detect translation shifts and techniques used by the Queue's translator, the major principles and components of Toury's theory of norms, Newmark's classification of cultural items, and translation techniques proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) will be used. The techniques for translating Arabic cultural references reflect the translators' individual attitudes toward ST norms as well as their adherence to linguistic and cultural standards prevalent in the TL setting. Overall, there is some heterogeneity in the degree of leaning toward SL or TL norms. According to Toury's norms model, the general trend of translational norms appears to lean more towards the acceptability pole than the adequacy pole, implying that a TL-oriented strategy is preferred. The study reveals that when translating cultural references into English, the Queue's translator used four primary strategies: modulation, transposition, adaption, and deletion. These translation strategies utilized by the Queue's translator may provide the target reader with altered meaning of the cultural references will have an impact on the portrayal of the Queue and provide the target readers with a significantly altered version of the text These translation strategies utilized by the Queue's translator may provide the target reader with altered meaning of the cultural references text.

Pound's Cathay is a vivid case of cultural exchange between China and English-speaking countries. The most translated Li Bai's poems in Cathay not only promoted better reception of Li Bai's poems in a foreign context, but also injected powerful vitality into the Western literary world. This paper investigated Pound's translation practice of Li Bai's poems in Cathay and specifically interpreted Pound's internal and external motivations in the selection of source text, textual features formed through translation strategies and the reception of English translation of Li Bai's poems by drawing on three main concepts: field, capital, and habitus in Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory. It was found that Pound's selection of Li Bai's poems was made under the influence of the combined force of utilitarian American sinology field and flashy literary field, which conformed to the mentality of the people in war, harmonized with his Imagist principles and reflected his emotional empathy with Li Bai. Pound's habitus with cosmopolitanism and historicism shaped by American sinology and literary fields in a specific social background initiated his translation idea of "translation as creation", which further formed such main translation strategies as the ideogramic method by image juxtaposition, formal freedom by using modern English in free verse etc., language energy by deletion or expansion, etc. Finally, Pound, with his wide social network and authoritative literary status carried great social, cultural, and symbolic capital, promoting better reception of Cathay, especially Li Bai's poems. These results revealed the powerful interpretation of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory in literary translation and shed light on the communication of Chinese translated literature overseas.

Culture is about the mode of life and activity, way of thinking, and artifacts, which are associated with particular communities and the language which serves as a vehicle for meanings. This paper is aimed at describing cultural challenges and their translation procedures from English into Arabic; it also investigates choices of translation procedures that can be used to overcome cultural aspects problems. This study limits itself to cultural factors. It follows Newmark's approach (1988) on culture translation. The corpus of this study is a play entitled A Dance of The Forests written by Wole Soyinka. The study is a qualitative study and cultural occurrences are analyzed and their translations are rated by raters who are native speakers of Arabic. The research reveals that translating a literary work like a play requires the use of strategies and procedures like domestication and oblique translation procedures, which are found to be vital in translating drama text from English into Arabic.