Suchergebnisse

Based on the provisions of migrants' aspirations/abilities model, it is offered to use the main elements of migration scheme to examine non-migration mechanism. A scheme of migration action is presented on the basis of migration factors analysis. In addition to taking into account migration factors the authors offer to estimate factors having impact on non-migrants, that is, the population not participating in migration processes. Revealing the reasons for population "immobility" can expand the list of possible measures and tools to regulate migration activity or population immobility. It is suggested to extend the scheme of the migration mechanism based on the typology of non-migrants, including voluntary and obedient non-migrants. Voluntary and obedient non-migrants are groups of people who do not want to migrate. These groups are connected with "needs" block in the scheme of migration process mechanism. Although their needs do not pass to "migration conditions" block. The scheme of migration action mechanism corresponds to the scheme of migration inaction for two groups of the above non-migrants. The difference is in the result and namely in the lack of migration. The suggested approach for estimating the factors of migration and non-migration can be relevant to analyze the situation in regions with high migration activity, as well as in the regions with a declining outflow of population.

The demographic situation in China at the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st centuries was characterized by transformations concerning both the general dynamics of the population, and the changes in the age, gender, and educational structures. At the beginning of the 21st century, China's demographic policy measures evolved significantly. The main objective of this study is to identify the priority directions of demographic policy including support for the birth rate at the present stage. The article presents results of the analysis of the main demographic indicators, proposes a typology of the factors of the current demographic situation including historical, ideological and material backgrounds. The second part of the artivle provides an analysis of the main measures aimed at supporting the birth rate at the country level as a whole, and in separate provinces. The analysis is based on the regulatory documents concerning the birth rate policy in China in the period from 2010 to 2021, as well as the data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. It is shown that during the past decade in China the family planning and birth control have been replaced by an active policy of stimulating the birth rate. Financial instruments play an important role in shaping the main areas of birth support. In addition, much attention is paid by the state to the issue of expanding the childcare infrastructure, educational institutions, creating preferential conditions for women with children in the field of employment, etc.

AbstractChinese originally migrated to the Russian Far East (RFE) to fill a labor shortage on collective farms. In more recent decades, some Chinese migrants have chosen to lease land from Russian farmers to manage their own farms. Rising soybean prices and the trade war between China and the United States have increased demand for land capable of producing soybeans. Thus, Chinese farmers in the RFE compete for land with Russians. The Chinese also contribute positively to local food security by increasing food availability and accessibility. This study uses an econometric model to analyze the impact of Chinese on local land markets in the RFE. Financial support for Russian farmers by the government depresses their demand for land; rising soybean prices and the employment of Chinese farm workers by Russian farmers encourage farm expansion, resulting in higher land prices. Selling farm produce to Chinese merchants increases the amount of land owned, cultivated, and rented by Russian farmers.

AbstractThe availability of large areas of uncultivated land in the Russian Far East (RFE) and the close proximity of millions of skilled, landless farmers in northeastern China has created an opportunity for cooperation in developing the eastern frontier of Russia with Chinese technology. Some Russian scientists claim that there is no advanced technology used in Chinese cultivation. Chinese scientists believe that Russian agricultural technology and genetic seed development stopped in the 1960s. Until now, no economic research has been conducted to determine empirically whether technology transfer is feasible. We applied an econometric model to analyze whether Chinese farmers in the RFE have transferred knowledge of leading plant cultivation methods. We find some evidence of improved yields among Russian farmers who communicate with Chinese farmers in the RFE, strongly suggesting that informal technology transfer is taking place.

AbstractChina's international position as a net creditor nation provides it with foreign exchange that it has invested in Asian and African countries. One example is China's investment in the Russian Far East (RFE). Thousands of Chinese agricultural workers have migrated to the RFE in recent decades. They are often welcomed by Russian farmers who face a labor shortage and by local residents who can buy cheap vegetables from them, but there are others who resent their presence in the region as competitors. Our study is the first empirical study of this relationship. Our results demonstrate economic benefits to the Russian households. There are, however, some negative repercussions of Chinese farmers in the RFE, and the governments of both China and Russia need to manage the situation wisely.

AbstractCommercial conflict has limited American soy exports to the biggest market, China, providing Russian farmers an opportunity to enter the Chinese market. The Russian Ministry of Agriculture and the Russian Soybean Union have established a program to promote soybean production and processing. Chinese farmers in the Russian Far East (RFE) and high profits from soybean production make new opportunities and challenges for local farmers. We analyze how the soybean development plan has fared so far and the role of Chinese farmers in Russia. The current Sino‐Russian agricultural agreement has little chance of increasing soybean production because of tariffs, unstable regulatory policies, and restrictions on seeds and labor. The scope of the soybean industry can be developed if Russian authorities will take a more liberal approach in Chinese‐Russian cooperation.

AbstractThe close proximity of China and Russia, the activities of Chinese farmers, and the reduction in Russian labor resources have created job opportunities for Chinese workers in the Russian Far East (RFE). Chinese workers fill a labor shortage in agriculture, but little research has been done on them. We developed an econometric model to test the effects of Chinese intermittent migration on labor markets in the RFE. We found the proximity of Chinese to Russian farms reduces wages for both Russian and Chinese workers and increases their part‐time employment on Russian farms. The greater availability of Chinese workers in the region results in lower number of family members working on Russian farms. Thus, the influx of Chinese workers may contribute to demographic shifts in the Russian population.

AbstractThe Russian Far East (RFE) is still a backward region of Russia. Per capita agricultural output is lower than the national average. Chinese agricultural entrepreneurs are farming in the region. The business environment is challenging for both Chinese and Russians. We analyze possible ways for agriculture to develop in the RFE with Chinese agricultural entrepreneurs as the main agents of development. We discuss the investment environment in the RFE, the role and impact of Chinese agricultural entrepreneurs, their ability to assist in rural development, and the challenges they face. We examine the current state of agriculture in the RFE, the experience of Chinese and Russian farmers, and the impact of Chinese farmers on Russian farmers. Agriculture can improve in the RFE with better communication and better coordination mechanisms among governments and with more training to help businesses understand existing policies and regulations.

AbstractThe People's Republic of China has been following a strategy for several decades to encourage its enterprises to invest overseas. Since the liberalization of the Sino‐Soviet border in the 1990s, Chinese farmers have been actively engaged in the economy of the Russian Far East (RFE). This article examines Chinese and Russian public relations messages broadcast by media about Chinese‐Russian agricultural cooperation that use different arguments, methods of reasoning, and points of view. There is a clash of different national management methods. Legislation applying to Chinese working in Russia has been erratic and unstable, and that makes cooperation more challenging. The concepts of environmental protection and obedience to the law are understood differently by Russians and by Chinese. Cross‐cultural management differences affect the way people on both sides interpret institutions, interactions, and the ability to trust third parties. There are different values and priorities expressed by Russians and by Chinese when it comes to development of rural areas in the RFE.