Suchergebnisse

The article reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of the work of B. N. Chicherin, the most prominent thinker of Russia of the XIX century. The ways and forms of the state and constitutional structure of Russian society, set forth in the works of the scientist, are analyzed. The relationship between the author's liberal conservatism and the justification for need to create a constitutional monarchy as the best form of state structure is considered. The most acute problems of the state and democracy, power and law, evolutionary and revolutionary ways of development of Russia are analyzed. The place and role of the bureaucracy and aristocracy in the process of transition to a constitutional monarchy, the problem of moral evil in this process.

Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, the emergence of airports as gateways for their cities has turned into one of the most important architectural undertakings. Ever since the first manned flight by the Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright on December 17th 1903, utilitarian sheds next to landing strips on cow pastures evolved into a completely new building type over the next few decades – into places of Modernism as envisioned by Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright (who themselves never built an airport), to eventually turn into icons of cultural identity, progress and prosperity. Many of these airports have become architectural branding devices of their respective cities, regions and countries, created by some of the most notable contemporary architects. This interdisciplinary cultural study deals with the historical formation and transformation of the architectural typology of airports under the aspect of spatial theories. This includes the shift from early spaces of transportation such as train stations, the synesthetic effect of travel and mobility and the effects of material innovations on the development, occupation and use of such spaces. The changing uses from mere utilitarian transportation spaces to ones centered on the spectacular culture of late capitalism, consumption and identity formation in a rapidly changing global culture are analyzed with examples both from architectural and philosophical points of view. The future of airport architecture and design very much looks like the original idea of the Crystal Palace and Parisian Arcades: to provide a stage for consumption, social theatre and art exhibition

The article is devoted to the history of the formation of modern military studies in the historical science of Great Britain and an assessment of their influence on the concept of the English School of International Relations in the 1960-1980s. Michael Howard (1922-2019) recognized as a central figure in the formation of war studies in the historical science of the United Kingdom. An analysis of the history of the study of war in English historical science highlights the some tradition of military research dating back to the 19th century and continued by historians in 1930-1950. M. Howard's work combined the ability to analyze certain wars through the broad context of a historical era and a specific understanding of strategy to assess its effectiveness. Howard took part in the creation of the English School of International Relations. His research in two community monographs showed an understanding of war as an extension of politics and explained the expansion of European powers through a combination of factors of economic, social and technological superiority. Thus, Howard contributed to the creation of a classical version of the narrative of colonial policy within the school. The main conclusion of the article is that Howard's research explains the interpretation and inclusion of war among the main institutions of the concept of international society, but the historian himself believed that the English School only enriched his own approach to the study of the war.

The article deals with the problem of ethical assessment of the liquidation of the GDR as a state structure and its integration into the political and economic space of the FRG. According to a number of historical and sociological sources, "reunification" was not the reason for the search and finding of a common language between West and East Germans, but, on the contrary, the reasons for discord and deep mutual distrust and rejection. On this basis, the work analyzes the views of both sides, and also conducts a philosophical reflection on the value bases (ethical axioms) of the key evaluative positions of both East and West Germans regarding the actions of the West German government, the conditions for concluding a monetary union of the two Germanys, as well as in relation to privatizations East German companies.

In the late Imperial period, a significant share of population of European Russia has demonstrated improved demographic indicators. The most important sign of demographic modernization is individual birth control. The available data suggest that transition from spontaneous fertility to the controlled one was first noted in St. Petersburg residents around the middle of the XIX century, disseminating among the entire urban population in the second half of the century, and extending to the rural population in the early twentieth century. Commencement of the demographic transition in Russia has been neglected by researchers for two reasons. First, demographic processes were studied country-wide, without any breakdown on urban and rural areas. With this approach, the urban population, accounting for only 10% in 1863 and 15% in 1914, blended with the general population; therefore, it was difficult to understand specifics of its reproduction. Second, age-specific and total fertility rates were not included in the analysis.

The article is devoted to the problem of fulfillment of obligations of the employer who depends on the owner. The owner is not a subject of labor law. For these reason he is not responsible for the obligations of the employer to employees. In turn, the employer is not able to fulfill obligations in labor relations without providing the owner with the necessary funds. Emerging in the field of labor relations conflicts often get settled by restriction of the labor rights of the employees. Typical examples in this situation are used in this article. The authors have tried to develop recommendations to attract the owner to fulfill the obligations of the employer in labor relations.

The article is devoted to the evaluation of the role of colonial policy in the works of historians of the English School of international relations. The aim of the article is to highlight the main stages in the study of colonial problems in the concept of international society and to show the specifics of the evaluation of colonialism in the historiographic aspect. The sources of the work were texts of leading representatives of this scientific community. The historiographical analysis shows that there are three stages in the study of colonial issues in the English School of international relations. They reflect both the processes of historical development of Great Britain in the second half of the 20th century, and the internal line of evolution of the school concept. At the first stage (1950-1970), the colonial problem did not have an independent significance for the analysis of international relations. The second stage (1980-1990) is characterized by the recognition of colonial policy as an institution for the development of international society in history, although it is evaluated inconsistently. The third stage is modern and it shows the important role of the former colonies in the structure of modern international society. The article analyzes the key arguments in assessing the role of colonies for each stage based on the work of leading representatives of the community. The main conclusion of the article is that the ability to change attitudes to colonialism in the analysis of international society explains the growing interest in the concept of school in modern Asian countries.).