Suchergebnisse

El artículo 318 bis, único precepto del Título XV bis del Libro II del Código Penal, lleva como rúbrica los "delitos contra los derechos de los ciudadanos extranjeros", pero ¿son los derechos de los ciudadanos extranjeros los que se están tutelando con este precepto? A través del análisis sistemático de los delitos contra los derechos de los ciudadanos extranjeros e indagando en cada uno de sus elementos llegamos a una conclusión bien distinta, lo que ha requerido un especial análisis del bien jurídico protegido, de los diferentes problemas que ha planteado esta figura delictiva y de la normativa supranacional que ha guiado los pasos del legislador español en la materia.

Examines the sociopolitical dynamics of the influx of Mexican & other Latino immigrants in Lexington KY during the 1990s. The community's response to the newcomers is described as an "ambivalent mixture of paternalistic concern & xenophobia." Data were obtained from census statistics, newspaper articles, participant observation, four focus groups, & a survey completed by almost 1000 Hispanic immigrants. The history, social composition, & demographic characteristics of the immigrant population are described. Although established residents initially treated the immigrants as if they were invisible, their presence has been gradually acknowledged & some steps have been taken to accommodate their needs. A significant proportion of the Latino population has moved from rural to urban jobs in construction, restaurants, hotels, factories, or private homes. Attention is called to the formation of the Hispanic Initiative Network composed of community leaders who explore issues of concern to newcomers. In spite of the development of some political & social self-representation, Hispanics continue to be marginalized & institutionally excluded by most white & black residents. Future prospects are discussed. Tables, References. J. Lindroth

International audience ; The aims of this study were to evaluate toxic and essential metal concentrations in swine meat and offal in NW Spain, to compare these to reported metal concentrations in pigs in other countries and in cattle in this region, and to relate the observed concentrations to maximum acceptable concentrations. Samples from 63 pigs aged 6 months were randomly collected at slaughter. After acid digestion, levels of metals were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. As regards the toxic metals, mean concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 0.073, 0.308 and 0.009 mg/kg fresh weight for cadmium, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.003 mg/kg for lead, 0.013, 0.011 and 0.003 mg/kg for arsenic, and 0.001, 0.002 and 0.001 mg/kg for mercury. These concentrations can be considered low, and in general similar to those reported in similar studies in recent years; in addition, maximum admissible concentrations established by the European Union were not exceeded in any sample. As regards the essential metals, concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 14.9, 5.63 and 6.85 mg/kg for copper, 81.3, 28.9 and 42.5 mg/kg for zinc, 195, 51.6 and 26.5 mg/kg for iron; 1.17, 2.51 and 0.656 mg/kg for selenium, 3.32, 1.56 and 1.01 mg/kg for manganese, 0.023, 0.027 and 0.003 mg/kg for cobalt, 0.120, 0.077 and 0.131 mg/kg for chromium, 0.009, 0.027 and 0.026 mg/kg for nickel, and 1.62, 0.683 and 0.140 mg/kg for molybdenum. These concentrations are all within the accepted adequate-safe ranges for this animal species, and in general are in line with those previously reported in the literature.

To establish latent infections in B-cells, gammaherpesviruses express proteins in the infected B-cells of the host that spuriously activate signalling pathways located downstream of the B-cell receptor. One such protein is M2, a murine gammaherpesvirus 68-encoded molecule that activates the Vav1/Rac1 pathway via the formation of trimolecular complexes with Scr family members. Previous reports have shown that the formation of this heteromolecular complex involves interactions between a proline rich region of M2 and the Vav1 and Fyn SH3 domains. Here, we show that the optimal association of these proteins requires a second structural motif encompassing two tyrosine residues (Tyr120 and 129). These residues are inducibly phosphorylated by Fyn in non-hematopoietic cells and constitutively phosphorylated in B-cells. We also demonstrate that the phosphorylation of Tyr120 creates specific docking sites for the SH2 domains of both Vav1 and Fyn, a condition sine qua non for the optimal association of these two signalling proteins in vivo. Interestingly, signaling experiments indicate that the expression of M2 in B-cells promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav1 and additional signaling proteins, a biological process that requires the integrity of both the M2 phosphotyrosine and proline rich region motifs. By infecting mice with viruses mutated in the m2 locus, we show that the integrity of each of these two M2 docking motifs is essential for the early steps of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 latency. Taken together, these results indicate that the M2 phosphotyrosine motif and the previously described M2 proline rich region work in a concerted manner to manipulate the signaling machinery of the host B-cell. ; This work was supported by a grant to J.P.S. from the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (POCI/SAU-IMI/57365/2004). X.R.B.'s work is supported by grants from the US National Cancer Institute/NIH (5R01-CA73735-11), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MES) (SAF2006-01789), the Castilla-León Autonomous Government (SA053A05), and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC) (RD06/0020/0001, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS), Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health). All Spanish funding is co-sponsored by the European Union FEDER program. M.P.M., M.A., S.M., L.R. and F.L. were recipients of fellowships from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia. ; Peer reviewed