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This study tests status inconsistency theory by examining the associations between wives' and husbands' relative statuses—that is, earnings, work-time, occupational, and educational inconsistencies—and marital quality and global happiness. The author asks three questions: (a) Is status inconsistency associated with marital quality and overall happiness? (b) Do those who hold traditional or egalitarian gender ideologies react differently to status inconsistency? (c) Are these patterns replicable across three data sets, gathered at different points in time? Data are from the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Survey (1980), the National Survey of Families and Households (1987-1988), and the General Social Survey (1996). With only one exception, status inconsistency is not associated with marital quality or global happiness, even among those who hold the most traditional gender ideologies.

PurposeWith the development of the digital economy, the pressure on firms to transform digitally continues to increase. The top management team (TMT) is the subject of decision-making, and its structure is expected to influence the process and outcome of corporate digital transformation. This study aims to explore the impact of the TMT structure on corporate digital transformation from perspectives on TMT relationship-related and task-related faultlines.Design/methodology/approachThis study obtained 7,510 observations belonging to 1,971 publicly listed Chinese manufacturing firms between 2011 and 2019. It analyzed the above data with ordinary least squares fixed-effects panel regression models and used instrumental variables to solve potential endogeneity problems.FindingsDrawing on social categorization theory and information processing theory and the concept of demographic faultlines, we proposed and found that relationship-related (i.e. gender and age) faultlines within a TMT may hinder digital transformation while task-related (i.e. education level, functional background and tenure) faultlines have an inverted U-shaped effect on digital transformation. In addition, we posited and confirmed that market competition weakens the negative effect of relationship-related faultlines but strengthens the inverted U-shaped effect of task-related faultlines.Originality/valueBy exploring the nuanced roles of TMT demographic faultlines in corporate digital transformation, our study enriches research on the antecedents of digital transformation from the TMT structure perspective and deepens the understanding of the decision process for digital transformation. In addition, this study extends existing claims about the contrasting roles of relationship-related and task-related faultlines, thereby enhancing our understanding of TMT demographic faultlines. Further, this study augments our knowledge about market competition by revealing its nuanced roles within TMT dynamics and providing supportive evidence for its positive impact on TMT function within firms. This study also offers managerial guidance for corporate digitization practice and the optimization of the internal structures of the TMTs.

Building a market-oriented green technology innovation system is important for China's green development. In this system, the government, enterprises, and consumers promote green innovation. Given this backdrop, this study constructs an evolutionary game model that combines the government, enterprises and consumers to analyse their evolution trend of strategy by simulating theoretical analyses. It is found that government subsidies for enterprises and consumers, benefits of enterprises speculation, and green consumption costs affect the enterprise decisions of green innovation. These factors significantly affect the enterprises' decision-making of green technology innovation. It is also observed that the market mechanism motivates enterprises' green technology innovation under pandemics. It is suggested that adopting more green consumption subsidy policies, improving the supervision mechanism and formulating more incentive policies from other aspects will be useful policy implications.

AbstractPromotional effort is a common strategy to induce sales and broaden the market scope by enhancing the products' utility to customers. In this article, we incorporate promotional effort into the customer choice model and study the joint promotional effort and assortment optimization problems, where the customer's choice behavior follows the widely used multinomial‐logit (MNL) model. Motivated by various marketing scenarios, we introduce two distinct models that address the allocation of promotional effort: (1) differentiated promotional effort—the retailer can arbitrarily allocate promotional resources to each offered product; (2) uniform promotional effort—the retailer can determine a promotional level, and the promotional effort is equally distributed to each offered product. In the first model, the revenue‐ordered assortment strategy is optimal, and we can efficiently determine the optimal promotional effort level. In the second model, the revenue‐ordered assortment is no longer optimal. We develop a polynomial time algorithm to solve the joint optimization problem under this model. Using the algorithmic results, we conduct comparative analyses between the assortment optimization problem under the proposed models and the classic MNL model, which does not exert any promotional effort. We show that the assortment size shrinks when the retailer makes the promotional effort in the decision, which indicates that product variety and promotional effort are strategic substitutes. Moreover, the retailer and customers can be better off in the presence of promotional efforts, irrespective of the format. Additionally, we conduct extensive numerical experiments to demonstrate our analytical results and gain more managerial insights.