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The camellia first reached the West as trade with Japan and China gained momentum in the 17th and 18th centuries, quickly attracting the attention of botanists and horticulturists. Early representations of the camellia in the West were mostly illustrations in specialised publications with brief, written descriptions focused mainly on classification and identification, occasionally with the addition of some horticultural advice. In China, on the other hand, where camellias had been cultivated since at least the 5th century CE, artists and illustrators always showed camellias (and other plants) together with descriptive text, literary references, medicinal information and more. The camellia was embedded in a rich cultural context in China, in contrast to the West where it was an object of study or an ornamental specimen valued for its appearance rather than for meaningful associations with times, people or places familiar to the reader or viewer of the image.

AbstractWildlands have attracted the attention of national governments, not only for the natural resources they contain, but also as land available for settlement or as the home of marginalized populations, a potential source of disorder. Some countries have attempted to maintain control over wildlands and their resources by excluding people from them. The historical record of government policies towards wildlands in Late Imperial China Shows that wildlands had more symbolic and strategic value to the authorities than economic value. In this case, policies adopted an alternative strategy of filling the 'strategic space' represented by wildlands, bringing them more closely into the cultural and economic orbit of the centre by settlement–the policy of inclusion.

ABSTRACTEthnic minority farmers in the infamous Golden Triangle were first incorporated into the nation states of China, Laos and Thailand, and later into the economic region called the Golden Economic Quadrangle. This article traces policies in each country for minorities, development and the environment, followed by an analysis of agrarian transitions under economic regionalization. Using the framework of powers of exclusion and racialization, our findings show the changes for ethnic minorities who, with the exception of those in the lowlands, face environmental enclosures that dispossess them from lands on which livelihoods are based. Ideological legacies from the Golden Triangle, including 'backward' minorities, the fight against drugs, and threats to national security, continue to inform policies and development projects. While some farmers have become entrepreneurs planting cash crops, most face increasing marginalization under deepening regional capitalism.