Today, Circular Economy (EC) is a popular concept in the business and financial world, among academics, politicians and decision-making bodies, and governmental and non-governmental institutions. Since 2003 has been intensely produced and published academic and non-academic literature. But despite this growing enthusiasm - and as far as we know so far - there are topics related to EC that remain under discussion, perhaps because they have not yet been the subject of sufficiently clarifying and multidisciplinary analysis. In this article, we intend to contribute to the clarification of some of these topics. The topics were chosen according to the questions that were installed in the author's mind of this article as she reviewed the literature on EC (the scientific areas in which the author is included are Environment and Natural Resources Economics and Ecological Economy). The topics under discussion are as follows: 1) Neoclassical economists also use the EC concept; will this be equal to the current concept of EC? 2) Some authors have argued that EC is an entirely new concept; however, the circular functioning of the economy was already described by economists in the 18th century. In the end, we want to demonstrate: 1) That EC is a polysemic term; that is, although the EC of neoclassical economists is different from the current EC, both share a common root: circularity; 2) The term EC is not new because its genesis lies in the 18th century; 3) the current concept of EC is also not new, because it has been described since the 1960s; 4) What is truly new in today's EC is the recognition and internalization of its principles by the business and governmental worlds. To achieve our objective, we were based on the critical analysis of the literature, supported by the theoretical body of conventional neoclassical economics (micro and macro); Ecological and Environmental Economy; and the History of Economic Thought. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
This article approaches the values underpinning derelict mining rehabilitation plans, their assessment in monetary terms, and reviews the empirical studies literature on this theme. The paper correspondingly contains four main aims. The first involves putting into perspective the thematic content on the rehabilitation of derelict and depressed mining areas, transforming them into mining heritage tourism products designed to trigger sustainable regional development. The second aim, concerns defining the range of benefits and values potentially arising. The third seeks to demonstrate and discuss why and how the theoretical frameworks of Total Economic Value (TEV) and economic valuation, taken together with the contingent valuation approach, enable the monetary estimation of the range of non-market individual values, through eliciting the individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for the rehabilitation. And the fourth objective incorporates reviewing the literature on empirical studies estimating the monetary values of mining rehabilitation plans through recourse to the Contingent Valuation (CV) approach. We proceed by demonstrating that TEV, the economic valuation concept and CV are approaches appropriate to estimating the aforementioned benefits; we defend their utility as important inputs to raising the efficiency of political decision making processes and ensure local populations actively comply and participate in the rehabilitation process. Finally, we conclude that the empirical studies hitherto applied for estimating the monetary values of mining rehabilitation and remediation through recourse to CV remain very few despite the fact that this estimation type is increasingly recognised as an important tool in decision making processes on the rehabilitation of industrial cultural heritage in general, and mining heritage in particular.
Current institutions, research, and legislation have not yet been sufficient to achieve the conservation level of Nature as required by the society. One of the reasons that explains this relative failure is the lack of incentives to motivate local individual and Nature users in general, to adopt behaviour compliant with Nature sustainable uses. Economists believe that, from the welfare point of view, pricing is the more efficient way to make economic actors to take more environmental friendly decisions. In this paper we will discuss how efficient can be the act of pricing the recreation use of a specific natural area, in terms of maximising welfare. The main conservation issues for pricing recreation use, as well as the conditions under which pricing will be an efficient and fair instrument for the natural area will be outlined. We will conclude two things. Firstly that, from the rational utilitarian economic behaviour point of view, economic efficiency can only be achieved if the natural area has positive and known recreation marginal costs under the relevant range of the marshallian demand recreation curve and if price system management is not costly. Secondly, in order to guarantee equity for the different type of visitors when charging the fee, it is necessary to discuss differential price systems. We shall see that even if marginal recreation costs exist but are unknown, pricing recreation is still an equity instrument and a useful one from the conservation perspective, as we shall demonstrate through an empirical application to the Portuguese National Park. An individual Travel Cost Method Approach will be used to estimate the recreation price that will be set equal to the visitor's marginal willingness to pay for a day of visit in the national park. Although not efficient, under certain conditions this can be considered a fair pricing practice, because some of the negative recreation externalities will be internalised. We shall discuss the conditions that guarantee equity on charging for the Portuguese case.
Current institutions, research, and legislation have not yet been sufficient to achieve the conservation level of Nature as required by the society. One of the reasons that explains this relative failure is the lack of incentives to motivate local individual and Nature users in general, to adopt behaviour compliant with Nature sustainable uses. Economists believe that, from the welfare point of view, pricing is the more efficient way to make economic actors to take more environmental friendly decisions. In this paper we will discuss how efficient can be the act of pricing the recreation use of a specific natural area, in terms of maximising welfare. The main conservation issues for pricing recreation use, as well as the conditions under which pricing will be an efficient and fair instrument for the natural area will be outlined. We will conclude two things. Firstly that, from the rational utilitarian economic behaviour point of view, economic efficiency can only be achieved if the natural area has positive and known recreation marginal costs under the relevant range of the marshallian demand recreation curve and if price system management is not costly. Secondly, in order to guarantee equity for the different type of visitors when charging the fee, it is necessary to discuss differential price systems. We shall see that even if marginal recreation costs exist but are unknown, pricing recreation is still an equity instrument and a useful one from the conservation perspective, as we shall demonstrate through an empirical application to the Portuguese National Park. An individual Travel Cost Method Approach will be used to estimate the recreation price that will be set equal to the visitor's marginal willingness to pay for a day of visit in the national park. Although not efficient, under certain conditions this can be considered a fair pricing practice, because some of the negative recreation externalities will be internalised. We shall discuss the conditions that guarantee equity on charging for the Portuguese case.
We applied count-data travel cost methods to a truncated sample of visitors, to estimate the average CS per each day of visit of an individual, visiting the Peneda-Gerês National Park to enjoy their natural facilities for recreation purposes. As the recreation demand was measured in number of days of stay in the park the behaviour of the dependent variable is very specific. To overcome this situation, we propose the use of altered truncated count data models or truncated count data models on grouped data because we found they were better adjusted to our data set. The average individual CS per day is estimated to be €194 varying between €116 and €448, with Simulated Limits. This information is useful in the formulation of government policy relating directly to national parks and conservation and the determination of future natural park management. To our knowledge this is the first attempt to measure the average recreation net benefits per each day of stay supported by a national park, by using truncated altered and truncated grouped count data Travel Cost Model based on the observation of individual (not household) number of days of stay.
Objetivo: comprender, desde una perspectiva compleja, las conexiones establecidas entre las Orientaciones Estratégicas para el Fortalecimiento de la Enfermería y la Partería, delimitadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud; discutir las implicaciones de estas estrategias para la inversión de recursos humanos en enfermería y partería, con miras al fortalecimiento de la capacidad técnica de salud para afrontar la demanda global de servicios de salud. Método: investigación documental, realizada con base en documentos oficiales de la OMS, de septiembre a octubre de 2019. Se llevó a cabo un análisis categorial y la interpretación de los datos se logró a partir del marco teórico de la Complejidad. Resultados: se definieron tres categorías interdependientes, a saber: desafíos para la capacitación de recursos humanos en enfermería y partería a fin de satisfacer las necesidades de la salud global; desafíos para el desarrollo del trabajo de los profesionales de enfermería y partería en diferentes contextos de actuación; desafíos para los gobiernos, las direcciones y los servicios de salud para fortalecer los recursos humanos en enfermería y partería. Conclusión: las orientaciones estratégicas corroboran la perspectiva compleja porque valoran la multidimensionalidad en los desafíos para la práctica profesional de enfermeros y obstetras. No obstante, estos desafíos también se hallan relacionados con factores contextuales, políticos y de liderazgo. ; Objetivo: compreender, a partir da perspectiva complexa, as conexões estabelecidas entre as Orientações Estratégicas para o Fortalecimento da Enfermagem e Obstetrícia, delimitadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde; discutir as implicações dessas estratégias para o investimento de recursos humanos da enfermagem e obstetrícia, com vistas ao fortalecimento da capacidade técnica de saúde para o enfrentamento das demandas de saúde global. Método: pesquisa documental, realizada a partir de documentos oficiais da OMS, no período de setembro a outubro de 2019. Foi realizada técnica de análise categorial, sendo a interpretação dos dados alcançada a partir do referencial teórico da Complexidade. Resultados: foram delimitadas três categorias, interdependentes, a saber: desafios para a formação de recursos humanos em enfermagem e obstetrícia com vistas ao atendimento das necessidades para a saúde global; desafios para o desenvolvimento do trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem e obstetrícia nos diferentes contextos de atuação; desafios para os governos, lideranças e serviços de saúde para o fortalecimento de recursos humanos em enfermagem e obstetrícia. Conclusão: as orientações estratégicas corroboram a perspectiva complexa porque valorizam a multidimensionalidade nos desafios para o exercício profissional de enfermeiros e obstetrizes. Todavia, esses desafios estão relacionados, também, aos fatores contextuais, políticos e de liderança. ; Objective: to understand from the complex perspective the connections established between the Strategic Directions for Strengthening Nursing and Midwifery, delimited by the World Health Organization; to discuss the implications of these strategies for the investment of human resources in nursing and midwifery, with a view to strengthening the technical health capacity to face global health demands. Method: a documentary research, carried out from official WHO documents, from September to October 2019. A categorical analysis technique was performed, and the interpretation of the data was achieved based on the theoretical framework of Complexity. Results: three interdependent categories were defined, namely: challenges for the training of human resources in nursing and midwifery in order to meet the needs for global health; challenges for the development of the work of nursing and midwifery professionals in different contexts of practice; challenges for governments, leaders and health services to strengthen human resources in nursing and midwifery. Conclusion: the strategic directions corroborate the complex perspective because they value multidimensionality in the challenges for the professional practice of nurses and obstetricians. However, these challenges are also related to contextual, political, and leadership factors.
Objective: to understand from the complex perspective the connections established between the Strategic Directions for Strengthening Nursing and Midwifery, delimited by the World Health Organization; to discuss the implications of these strategies for the investment of human resources in nursing and midwifery, with a view to strengthening the technical health capacity to face global health demands. Method: a documentary research, carried out from official WHO documents, from September to October 2019. A categorical analysis technique was performed, and the interpretation of the data was achieved based on the theoretical framework of Complexity. Results: three interdependent categories were defined, namely: challenges for the training of human resources in nursing and midwifery in order to meet the needs for global health; challenges for the development of the work of nursing and midwifery professionals in different contexts of practice; challenges for governments, leaders and health services to strengthen human resources in nursing and midwifery. Conclusion: the strategic directions corroborate the complex perspective because they value multidimensionality in the challenges for the professional practice of nurses and obstetricians. However, these challenges are also related to contextual, political, and leadership factors.
Objetivo: identificar os eixos norteadores dos documentos que deram origem à campanha Nursing Now e relacionar as recomendações desses documentos aos objetivos da campanha. Método: pesquisa documental, realizada a partir de análise dos documentos que fomentaram a campanha Nursing Now. Os dados foram coletados entre março e abril de 2020, mediante formulário estruturado em background, escopo, desafios e potencialidades dos profissionais da saúde/enfermagem e recomendações para o futuro. Resultados: foram evidenciados os desafios e a imprescindibilidade de investimentos na força de trabalho em saúde e Enfermagem para o atingimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. O Relatório da High Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth apresenta recomendações importantes, também introduzidas no Triple Impact Report e nas Strategic Directions for Nursing and Midwifery, confluindo para os objetivos da Campanha Nursing Now, que estimulam um perfil de enfermeiro com competências técnicas, políticas, de liderança, envolvido na construção de políticas de saúde, cuja efetividade da prática seja evidenciada para toda a sociedade. Conclusão: conhecimento sobre a dinâmica dos fatores que convergiram para o desenvolvimento da campanha Nursing Now pode ser condição para alcançar seus objetivos. Depreendem-se, dessa realidade, evidências de que a saúde global não será garantida sem, antes, fortalecer a Enfermagem. ; Objective: to identify the guiding axes of the documents that grounded the Nursing Now campaign and relate the recommendations of these documents to the campaign goals. Method: documentary research, based on the analysis of the documents that promoted the Nursing Now campaign. The data were collected between March and April 2020, using a form structured into: background, scope, challenges and potentials of health/nursing professionals and recommendations for the future. Results: the challenges and the need for investments in the health and nursing workforce to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals were evidenced. The report of the High Level Commission on health Employment and Economic Growth presents important recommendations, also introduced in the Triple Impact Report and in the Strategic Directions for Nursing and Midwifery, converging to the goals of the Nursing Now campaign, stimulating a profile of nurses with technical, political and leadership skills, engaged in health policy-making, and the effectiveness of their practice is clear to the entire society. Conclusion: knowledge about the dynamics of the factors that converged to the development of the Nursing Now campaign may be a condition for achieving its goals. This reality reveals evidence that global health will not be ensured without strengthening Nursing first. ; Objetivo: identificar los ejes orientadores de los documentos que dieron origen a la campaña Nursing Now y relacionar las recomendaciones emanadas de esos documentos con los objetivos de la campaña. Método: investigación documental, desarrollada a partir del análisis de los documentos que fomentaron la campaña Nursing Now. Los datos fueron recogidos entre marzo y abril de 2020, mediante formulario estructurado en: background, alcance, retos y potencialidades de los profesionales sanitarios/enfermeros y recomendaciones para el futuro. Resultados: fueron evidenciados los desafíos y la importancia fundamental de inversiones en la fuerza de trabajo en salud y Enfermería para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. El Informe de la High Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth presenta recomendaciones importantes, también introducidas en el Triple Impact Report y en las Strategic Directions for Nursing and Midwifery in the Americas, confluyendo a los objetivos de la campaña Nursing Now, estimulando un perfil de enfermero con competencias técnicas, políticas, de liderazgo, involucrado en la construcción de políticas de salud, cuya efectividad de su práctica sea evidenciada para toda la sociedad. Conclusión: conocer la dinámica de los factores que convergieron hacia el desarrollo de la campaña Nursing Now puede ser una condición para alcanzar sus objetivos. Se deduce de esta realidad evidencias de que la salud global no será garantizada sin haber fortalecido la Enfermería.
Objective: to identify the guiding axes of the documents that grounded the Nursing Now campaign and relate the recommendations of these documents to the campaign goals. Method: documentary research, based on the analysis of the documents that promoted the Nursing Now campaign. The data were collected between March and April 2020, using a form structured into: background, scope, challenges and potentials of health/nursing professionals and recommendations for the future. Results: the challenges and the need for investments in the health and nursing workforce to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals were evidenced. The report of the High Level Commission on health Employment and Economic Growth presents important recommendations, also introduced in the Triple Impact Report and in the Strategic Directions for Nursing and Midwifery, converging to the goals of the Nursing Now campaign, stimulating a profile of nurses with technical, political and leadership skills, engaged in health policy-making, and the effectiveness of their practice is clear to the entire society. Conclusion: knowledge about the dynamics of the factors that converged to the development of the Nursing Now campaign may be a condition for achieving its goals. This reality reveals evidence that global health will not be ensured without strengthening Nursing first.
